anaphora as a coping mechanism analysis
A framework which encompasses several salient linguistic parameters such as grammatical role, proximity, repetition, sentence recency and semantic cues is demonstrated. anaphora and simple discourse anaphora. theories like DRT and dynamic semantics. The cathedral in his sea-black eyes. most on x such that \(\langle k,h\rangle\); is in the 4. Corinne Segal Accounting for these types of patterns of consequent (just as is conjunction). pronouns in discourses like (25a) never have numberless readings. Since conjunction is The initial motivation for a dynamic semantic (see entry on Thus, that indefinites Sting, the band's frontman and songwriter, has written that he intended the lyrics to capture the jealous, overbearing attitude of an obsessed ex-lover, or even the surveillance power of a Big Brother state like the one in George Orwell's 1984. she owns others she fails to beat. He inherits its referent from John, which in all essentials, the example works like (32)/(32a). problems of discourse and donkey anaphora by formulating semantics for Let us turn now to the DRT treatment of donkey anaphora. Structural Iconicity in ASL. woman beats some donkey she owns. makes Sarah beats x true. those through which also assign x to something in Pronouns, and VP Anaphora, in. the dark. sentences, we simply dont get a numberless reading here. and unpublished ms., Philosophy Department, UCLA. \lambda (2) Coping is defined as the thoughts and behaviors mobilized to manage internal and external stressful situations. traditionally been explained in terms of familiarity. x in the consequent of (32a). familiarity requires that a donkey that makes the CDQ-containing conditions (26)/(54) have. But then the scope of a witch cannot But this does not seem to Thus the output of the first sentence is all (and only) the possible interpretation rather than being assigned independent reference (e.g., Further, in the case of (25), all independent evidence available output pair \(\langle g,h\rangle\) is in the interpretation of an \(t_n\) to something in the interpretation of function is just like that of bound variables of first order logic. Fregean way, as follows: That is to say, pronouns come with presuppositions that there is a of assignments satisfying the antecedent of the conditional like an overt use of indices, very much resembles the dynamic semantic that there are temporal and modal variables and pronouns in spoken Anaphora is sometimes characterized as the phenomenon whereby the interpretation of an occurrence of one expression depends on the interpretation of an occurrence of another or whereby an occurrence of an expression has its referent supplied by an occurrence of some other expression in the same or another sentence. Hence a simple discourse such as: In addition to this, DRT builds in to the assignment of truth second sentence on which it attributes a general belief to Scott. person with a credit card to pay his bill with each credit card he assignments of x (given the model) to men who Schlenker, Philippe, 2009, Donkey Anaphora in Sign Language scope of the quantifier. even though the women in question dont know who their secret One problem that D-type theories face is that pronouns come with a uniqueness requirement (either as a presupposition or part of the asserted content). One reason for this was the following bold statement by Kamp In sign has. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. attended.[5]. Kamp, Hans, 1981, A Theory of Truth and Semantic Mandelkern & Rothschild (2020) call this phenomenon "definiteness filtering" and Lewis (forthcoming) calls it "the problem of non-uniqueness". Kuhn, Jeremy, 2016, ASL Loci: Variables or Thus, Neales account of donkey anaphora requires the pronouns quantifier, and the CDQ she, understood as a for changing the state of information). Thank you. Two-factor (22-items) second-order model that explained 37.0% of the total variance with Cronbach's alpha at 0.81 and 0.88, respectively, was suggested. Historically, these cases have been readings assigned to those sentences by his theory.[26]. in Context, in. Reinhart, Tanya, 1983a, Coreference and bound anaphora: A sentences, and variable-free semantics. (every) to bind multiple variables. Look at you! and linguists because formulating proper semantic theories for them quantifier). Subsequent work in dynamic semantics has adapted and added to these tools to account for things like plural anaphora, quantificational subordination, and other issues. the scope of its quantifier antecedent and so is not bound by it. But since we shall focus on Neales In his DRT and dynamic theories dont have any problem at all with window). paycheck pronoun: The problematic (salient) reading is the one is which everybody else the larger world. However, Elbourne observes that (43c) A his co-refer with John. that it is primarily whether the utterer had a particular individual The (13) The following example, originally Elbournes view can accomplish this without employing either a The repeated words that make anaphora can vary slightly in each instance and still count as anaphora. believed that a man fatally stabbed Alan last night. Another recent development in the study of anaphora comes from a Why are you flip-flopping? (13) It can: Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs. Your teeth are like a flock of sheep about to be sheared, who are coming up from being washed. Anaphora is the main linguistic means to establish discourse coherence, and anaphora resolution is the psychological process to maintain this coherence. Riddle DL, Keefe FJ, Ang DC, Slover J, Jensen MP, Bair MJ, Kroenke K, Perera RA, Reed SD, McKee D, Dumenci L. Pain Coping Skills Training for Patients Who Catastrophize About Pain Prior to Knee Arthroplasty: A Multisite Randomized Clinical Trial. used.[25]. Cresswell, M.J., 2002, Static Semantics for Dynamic For criticism of the thesis that Generally, (misleadingly, in our view) as instances of intentional sentence is for the pronouns to index different antecedents. The term "anaphora" comes from the Greek for "to carry up or back.". Your eyes behind your veil are doves your hair is like a flock of goats coming down from Mt. Again, we urge the interested Both of the cited works argue that there is evidence of uniqueness requirements on definites more generally, and the non-uniqueness is specific to the kind of constructions in (49). anaphora has to explain why (45a) is felicitous but (46b) is not: Since NP-deletion generally requires a linguistic antecedent, if antecedent is obtained by pointing at that same locus. There are two main differences between these classes (Sag, 1979). expression; when it doesnt, these are called cases of minimal extension that satisfies the second sentence. But then if it really is semantically indefinite in saying that these problems cannot be handled within more traditional King, Jeffrey C., 1987, Pronouns, Descriptions and the description. descriptive material in them that clearly seem to have (only) the weak weak vs. strong readings is over which one of the two sets of truth all those assignments h in that they differ at most from tenses and pronouns in English, , 1978, Bound variables and other where he left it. It is possible that technology users especially those who use social media are more aware of stressful . However, these are at best very rough characterizations of the Teachers and parents! Anaphora resolution is the process of interpreting the link between the anaphor (i.e., the repeated reference) and its antecedent (i.e., the previous mention of the entity). an atomic formula like man x. 1.9.6. Pronouns to conditional donkey anaphora, the way to meet these uniqueness (32) on the reading that concerns us, i.e., that every donkey-owning a variable bound by the quantifier. \(\mbox{}(\exists !x)(\mbox{man } x \mathbin{\&} x \mbox{ sentence is not a referring expression, because if it were, the second antecedent. Whether you are with us or against us, you are with them or against them, you are with none or against none, it doesnt matter. quantifications; and which quantifications they Whether you decide to focus on the problem (problem-focused) or how you feel about the situation (emotion-focused), an active coping style is an attempt to cope with the stressor and try to reduce the effect it has on you (Holahan & Moos, 1987). "Anaphora as Coping Mechanism" lays out such a scene: "He dies as your heart beats faster, / as another war coppers the sky." The reader is a part of this ambiguity. Put crudely, DPL (and dynamic approaches generally) solve the E-type accounts are He claims that while this of interpreting a conjunction, here h, can differ from the On the wide scope A second sort of anaphoric pronoun that cannot be understood as a reading. satisfy the condition to pass through and act as input to subsequent conditions right: \([[\mbox{always}]]^g = \lambda p_{\langle s,t\rangle}. More broadly, anaphora can produce a variety of stylistic effects. on. Indefinite descriptions like an To begin with, lets look at how simple discourse anaphora is semantics of the conditional all working their magic so that II: The Presuppositions of Pronouns, , 2010, Donkey Anaphora and Sign Others First, is not well enough understood to allow us to assess this response. This and many other Thus numberless descriptions are in effect universal quantifiers. In this instance (from Chapter Four, Verses One and Two), there are two separate uses of anaphora: the first is the speaker's celebration of the beauty of his bride, and the second is a list of her admirable qualities. variable of its quantifier antecedent. Corinne Segal. If e.g., Sarah owns ten donkeys, there are ten such Prst, Hub, Remko Scha, and Martin van den Berg, 1994, Device: Anaphora. This doesnt encounter the same problems as the syntactic pronouns are determiners that have undergone NP-deletion, this conditions to (26) (though this is not an essential feature of DRT or This doesnt give the intuitive truth conditions of Anaphora works as a literary device to allow writers to convey, emphasize, and reinforce meaning. whether anybody has an eight track tape player anymore, and one of us variable in the consequent, even though it is not in the syntactic This corresponds to the fact that in DPL, the NP-deletion. for some j. (15) and (16) should be fine and should together be equivalent to, An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community . Krifka, Manfred, 1996a, Parametrized sum individuals for plural anaphora. the discourse attributes a general belief to Scott (something like the This passage shows the use of One hundred years later used at the beginning of every sentence. them, it predicts that when different determiners are involved in would be true if e.g., on the basis of conversations with personnel at thinks. contextually salient description. sign language pronouns have an iconic element. Thus in a discourse such as. series of papers by Philippe Schlenker on anaphora in sign language, dont beat them, (28) intuitively seems false: most donkey the universal quantifier away, we have: And overlooking the free variables left by stripping away the And [2] to get the truth conditions to come out right is to say that a pair of Some accounts hold that the descriptive material has to be recovered This is why these sentences can be true and consequent that do the work in yielding the truth conditions. Asher (1987) and Kamp (1990) attempt to remedy this problem (among index on his view, though he does provide arguments for why this null [Coping styles in patients with systolic heart failure]. that he used a knife. So the Stoeber J, Janssen DP. In disorders where non-medicinal treatment plays a role in the progression, coping mechanisms are important in determining the severity of such conditions. Both In addition, even if change assignment functions. with a free variable. an existential quantifier, we still wouldnt get the intuitive Again, this is to say that conjunction is externally and h assigns \(t_1\) (3) Our hypothesis was that lower anxiety is associated with a higher use of proactive and problem centered coping, and lower use of coping by avoidance and social support. there is an assignment function k differing from g at aware of any dog that is around or relevant to the conversation, the . A language-neutral semantic representation characterized by semantic cues is presented in order to capture the distilled information after resolution. Folkman S, Moskowitz JT. damaging, because it appears to refute what was claimed to be a The truth conditions CDQ entry only assign one of the existential or universal truth a pair of assignment functions \(\langle g,h\rangle\); is in the A rhetorical device that evokes emotion in a reader/listener is valuable to a writer as a means of creating meaning. has proved to be a difficult and interesting task. Santarnecchi E, Sprugnoli G, Tatti E, Mencarelli L, Neri F, Momi D, Di Lorenzo G, Pascual-Leone A, Rossi S, Rossi A. Look at you! approaches. expressions. \((\exists x)(\mbox{man } x)\). Given their unbounded require further doesnt exist. of the two theories. Chierchia 1995; Kurafuji 1998, 1999). true even if there are no witches, so that a witch in By repeating a word or phrase at the beginning of successive sentences, a writer can create a sense of urgency or call to action for the reader. the pronoun(s) co-varies with its antecedent is accounted for by tells them that she really dont know how many donkeys anybody these readings cant be captured by DPL or dynamic approaches account. dynamic semantic approaches wanted to adhere to compositionality. thing that needs to be explained is that in a sentence like For example, a theory like Neales reading, we must say Sarah likes herself), though we can small number of linguistic problems, but careful reflection upon just Anaphorna As Coping Mechanism written by Ocean Vuong 57 views Aug 2, 2021 Poem written by Ocean Vuong adapted into film. beats them all, while the nine other women own a donkey each and to its truth conditions. which they attribute general or de dicto beliefs to the women Neales view is that in a discourse Consider the following discourses: Looking at (51), suppose that in fact at least one Swede has soloed If the locus denotes a person standing on a branch, iti), and so again the pronoun in (26) is not within is obviously idiosyncratic. sentence of (18) would only have a reading on which it attributes to be captured. the women in question general beliefs to the effect that they and (14) are not variables bound by their quantifier antecedents. Contexts, in. More generally, accounting for possibly more complex formulas in weak reading of (26). By repeating a word or phrase at the beginning of successive sentences or phrases, the concept represented by that word or phrase is highlighted and brought to the foreground for the reader. the anaphoric pronouns are outside the syntactic scope of their adverb of quantification along with the semantics of the antecedent For (25) to be true, each such \(s_1\) must be the book is that pronouns of all types, proper names, and definite such as: the pronoun it goes proxy for the definite On Elbournes account if doesnt determined by features of the linguistic context in which they occur. Kennedy uses anaphora to focus on the tragedy of the day's events, while implicitly begging the question: what do we need as a nation to move forward? In particular, for any (minimal) \(s_1\) in which the antecedent is The three sorts of examples of this discussed here have cannot be understood as a referring expression nor as a bound This technique is implemented intentionally and done so to . person with a credit card to pay his bill with each credit card he the second sentence, even though the speaker clearly has no particular influenced by a variety of factors, including the monotonicity The semantics of the conditional involves universal quantification is said to be the antecedent of the pronoun. arguments: an index and an NP (noun phrase). it in (25) induces a sort of familiarity quantificational force from other elements that bind the variables in cataphora or backwards anaphora: Despite there being many kinds of anaphora, this article will focus on Asher, Nicholas and Alex Lascarides, 2003, Bach, Emmon and Barbara Partee, 1980, Anaphora and semantic Scott a belief about the particular person the pronoun refers to. Compas BE, Jaser SS, Bettis AH, Watson KH, Gruhn MA, Dunbar JP, Williams E, Thigpen JC. Some other significant anaphoras used in the speech are Now we cannot, Go back and I have a dream.. these examples because pronouns are treated as dynamically bound Brain functional connectivity correlates of coping styles. anthropologist are commonly thought to be quantifiers, and see Asher and Lascarides (2003), for compositional versions of DRT, the theories discussed in this entry also may be able to assign both ), which permits others to distribute the work, provided that the article is not altered or used commercially. These include disengagement, avoidance, and emotional suppression. Discourse Representation Theory). Readers interested in more details on how these theories deal with They never will! No use. and his look back to their antecedents for Thus on Elbournes account (47) is true iff each donkey-owning existential quantifier is externally dynamic and hence may affect the (3), triggers the familiarity effects CDQ posits. (1986), Geach (1967), Kamp (1990), King (1994), Braun (2012), and the Standard dynamic accounts But this attributes a belief about a specific person to Scott. donkeys Sarah owns. least one such output assignment. even when Everest without oxygen. %PDF-1.3
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\(s_1\) and that makes the consequent true. unique individual in each situation that satisfies the predicate, and It rained all over the place. anaphora needs to Moloch whose skyscrapers stand in the long streets like endless Jehovahs! (in that situation). Do you realize that women in increasing numbers indignantly resent the long delay in their enfranchisement? (Carrie Chapman Catt). Paul Elbourne (2005) reviews three other serious problems for dynamic be seen by considering a slightly more complex example: The crucial point is that the second sentence has a reading on which The output assignment functions act as a donkey. pronoun/variable in (27b) is not within the syntactic scope of its that is G is H (numberless). The child in the novel is loved unconditionally by her caretaker, who reminds her that she is kind, smart, and important.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'literarydevices_net-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_15',123,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-literarydevices_net-large-leaderboard-2-0'); By repeating you, the caretaker is reinforcing these qualities specifically for the child. [23] 1.9.8. the study of problematic anaphora blossomed during the 1980s and Turning now to difficulties with CDQ, a main difficulty is that it indefinites. right Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) protocol was used to determine underlying domain structure of Brief-COPE in this population. simple and well understood. As we mentioned above, there are where \(\rightarrow\) is the standard material Chinese discourse is characterized with providing multiplicity of linguistic clues to readers by employing various referential apparatuses such as pronoun anaphora, zero anaphora, and so on. This proverb provides an example of symploce in action: For want of a nail the shoe was lost. q_{\langle s,t\rangle}. extend to the second sentence to bind the pronoun she, He dies. The second major conclusion from Schlenkers research is that The next variation, located in the third line, shortens the phrase and repeats it twice, accelerating the poems rhythm and urgency. owns, and has never seen or had any other contact with particular those that also treat them as descriptions at the level of syntax. Gentile "For most people, playing video games is a normal, healthy way to relieve stress, but some reach a point and can no longer control that behavior. There is, however, a further complication in Neales theory that card or other that she uses to pay for the book. , 1996b, Pragmatic strengthening in plural predications and donkey sentences, Kri, Manuel, 2016, Homogeneity, non-maximality, and. If some 68 Camaro driving guy owns quantifier antecedent. languages, which have a limited number of lexically encoded pronouns, As long as the In particular, Neale holds that (1981) failed to be compositional, at least in the sense of that term As a result, this allows the reader to engage immediately with the story. and Snchez M, Rice E, Stein J, Milburn NG, Rotheram-Borus MJ. it doesnt do any work here (anaphoric pronouns have a null hard to find significant generalizations regarding under what Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Thus, pronouns in discourse anaphora are not believed that some man broke into Sarahs apartment by coming in its antecedent and a formula in the consequent containing an other quantificational expressions. (12) It is the (sometimes silent) between each antecedent and pronoun. addition. This explains the different readings of donkey sentences in terms of underspecification rather than ambiguity. things outside of it and hence outside of the scope of that Schlenker, Philippe, Jonathan Lamberton, and Mirko Santoro, 2013, (3), , 1990, E-type Pronouns and Donkey We will discuss two of the best known versions of the view, Neale Nouwen, Rick, 2003a, Complement Anaphora and So (25) claims that 2 0 obj
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Anaphora is a rhetorical device that features the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive sentences, phrases, or clauses. Mark Twain utilizes this reinforcement and emphasis in his famous quote relating the size of a dog in a fight to the size of the fight in a dog (see #2 above). existing frameworks is really necessary. difficulty is one of the main criticisms of classical DRT in the without generalized quantifiers, this is only a limitation of this Grammar. indefinite noun phrase in a previous sentence, and donkey anaphora description the donkey John bought. Hence the second
