sodium iodide and calcium sulfide chemical equation
around the world. A:Write the balanced molecular equation Enter NOREACTION if no reaction occurs. Part D w iron(III) nitrate and sodium phosphate Express your answer as a chemical equation. Aqueous solutions of rubidium hydroxide and cobalt(II) chloride are mixed. Instead, you must begin by identifying the various reactions that could occur and then assessing which is the most probable (or least improbable) outcome. CaS is produced by "carbothermic reduction" of calcium sulfate, which entails the conversion of carbon, usually as charcoal, to carbon dioxide: In the second reaction the sulfate (+6 oxidation state) oxidizes the sulfide (-2 oxidation state) to sulfur dioxide (+4 oxidation state), while it is being reduced to sulfur dioxide itself (+4 oxidation state). ____ #KClO_3 -># ____ #KCl +# ____ #O_2#. when Barium iodide, Q:What type of reaction is described by the following chemical reaction Hydrogen Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions involve the transfer of one or more electrons from a reducing agent to an oxidizing agent. *Response times may vary by subject and question complexity. 2Fe(s) + 2H2O(l) + O2(g) 2Fe(OH)2(s) Here iron metal is oxidized to iron dihydroxide (Fe(OH)2); elemental oxygen (O2) is the oxidizing agent. NA chemical reaction does not occur for this question. To find out what is actually occurring in solution, it is more informative to write the reaction as a complete ionic equation showing which ions and molecules are hydrated and which are present in other forms and phases: \[\ce{2Ag^{+}(aq) + 2NO_3^{-} (aq) + 2K^{+}(aq) + Cr_2O_7^{2-}(aq) \rightarrow Ag_2Cr_2O_7(s) + 2K^{+}(aq) + 2NO_3^{-}(aq)}\label{4.2.2a} \]. Aqueous solutions of strontium bromide and aluminum nitrate are mixed. When ionic compounds are dissolved in water, they dissociate (or break apart) into the individual ions. A precipitation reaction is a reaction that yields an insoluble producta precipitatewhen two solutions are mixed. We described a precipitation reaction in which a colorless solution of silver nitrate was mixed with a yellow-orange solution of potassium dichromate to give a reddish precipitate of silver dichromate: \[\ce{AgNO_3(aq) + K_2Cr_2O_7(aq) \rightarrow Ag_2Cr_2O_7(s) + KNO_3(aq)} \label{4.2.1} \]. formula: Part B either in words or chemical symbols e.g. Is This question involves the entropy concept which measures the randomness of the system., Q:9 A:we need to classify each compounds as molecular, ionic weak electrolyte or strong electrolyte. Please answer question 2: Instructions attached below :C=0: This is a decrease of oxidation state of the sulphur from +6 in the sulphuric acid to +4 in the sulphur dioxide. Your Hypothesis: In this lab, the KClO3solid will be heated for an extended period of time of high heat without a catalyst like MnO2. Identify all of the phases in your answer. A chemical reaction does not occur for this question. Compounds having anions such as sulfide (S2), hydroxide (OH), carbonate (CO32), and phosphate (PO43) are often insoluble in water. the reaction when aqueous aluminum three. CaS is also a byproduct in the Leblanc process, a once major industrial process for producing sodium carbonate. Solid potassium phosphate is added to an aqueous solution of mercury(II) perchlorate. C. 1. Like many salts containing sulfide ions, CaS typically has an odour of H2S, which results from small amount of this gas formed by hydrolysis of the salt. Such reactions are known as acid-base, Q:What are the requirements that should be met for a precipitation reaction to serve as the basis of a, A:To Find: It also could mean a liquid (often water), or gas is produced. A: Balanced equation (NH4)2SO4 + Pb (NO3)2 = PbSO4 +2 NH4NO3. Write all the soluble reactants and products in their dissociated form to give the complete ionic equation; then cancel species that appear on both sides of the complete ionic equation to give the net ionic equation. 2. And thus they are not included in the net ionic equation. constant, Q:What is the wavelength in nm of 7.47*10-19, Q:What is the theoretical yield of ethyl chloride in the reaction of 20.2ggof ethylene with 48ggof, Q:(aq). Express your answer as a, A:Balanced Chemical reactions of acid base neutralization, Q:. If the predicted products of an exchange reaction are also soluble ionic compounds, an exchange reaction will not occur. In this structure the nitrogen atom bears a positive charge, and the oxygen atom of the acid group bears a negative charge. Calcium Carbonate is CaCO3 A student was given a 1.6240-g sample of a mixture of sodium nitrate and sodium chloride and was asked to find the percentage of each compound in the mixture. Express your answer as a chemical equation. Q:The compound magnesium iodide is a strong electrolyte. Lead, Q:Identify the reagents you would use to convert 1-bromopentane into hexanoic acid. = 10.4, Q:5 Give the IUPAC name for each of the following: Express your answer as a chemical equation. Part D reaction that occurs (if any) when each pair of Solid aluminum hydroxide forms, and a solution of sodium nitrate remains. IWE: Writing Equations for Precjpitation Reactions; Read Express your answer as a chemical equation. Q:Write balanced equations for the following reactions: Q:Calcium acetate and ammonium sulfate. Express your answer as a chemical equation. Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 7th Edition Hendrick Van Ness, J.M. Identify all of the phases in your answer. (green) Between the compounds, Sodium Iodide (NaI) and Calcium Sulfide (Cas), which contains the strongest ionic bond or has the greatest Lattice Energy? See all questions in Balancing Chemical Equations. Write complete, A:Precipitation occurs if the solubility of the product formed during the reaction is less than that. A chemical reaction does not occur for this question. Identify all of the phases in your answer. B According to Table \(\PageIndex{1}\), ammonium acetate is soluble (rules 1 and 3), but PbI2 is insoluble (rule 4). Q:Write the net ionic equation for the reaction between potassium carbonate and calcium nitrate. In dry-cell batteries, which are often used in flashlights, the electrons given up by zinc are taken up by ammonium ions (NH4+) present in the battery as ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). Amino acids, a very important class of compounds, are able to function both as acids and as bases. Express your answer as a chemical equation. sodium iodide and calcium sulfide Suppose we mix sodium chloride (NaCl) with calcium sulfate (CaSO4), both soluble ionic compounds. A:Given data Are there precautions needed? This white material crystallizes in cubes like rock salt. CaCl2 soluble in water? Note: If you aren't confident about redox reactions . Express your answer as a chemical equation. For, Q:All of the following has a zero value for free energy of formation except: Enter a molecular equation for the precipitation b) Potassium oxide: K2O. CIHC-C-CHCHCHCH 1, Q:If a process is both endothermic and spontaneous, then: To find the requirements that should be met for a precipitation reaction to serve as the, Q:Complete the columns in the table: When ionic compounds are dissolved in water, they dissociate (or break apart) into the individual ions. In a common dry cell and in alkaline batteries, two electrons per zinc atom are transferred to the oxidizing agent, thereby converting zinc metal to the Zn2+ ion. Q:How would your calculation of the average number of water molecules present in the Epsom salt be, A:This problem is from the experiment of Gravimetric Determination of the water of hydration of Epsom, Q:What volume of 1.0 M sulfuric acid solution is needed to produce 30.0 mL of hydrogen gas at 293 K?, Q:A student proposes the following Lewis structure for the carbon monoxide (CO) molecule. For example, the overall chemical equation for the reaction between silver fluoride and ammonium dichromate is as follows: \[2AgF(aq) + (NH_4)_2Cr_2O_7(aq) \rightarrow Ag_2Cr_2O_7(s) + 2NH_4F(aq)\label{4.2.4} \]. Write the overall chemical equation, the complete ionic equation, and the net ionic equation for the reaction of aqueous silver fluoride with aqueous sodium phosphate to give solid silver phosphate and a solution of sodium fluoride. This question involves the calculation of percent ionization of a weak acid which is given, Q:Predict the IUPAC name for the following structure using Chemiaraw software. On the other hand, notice that you have #color(red)(2)# sodium cations on the reactants side, but only #1# on the products' side. Hence with nitric acid it will give neutralisation reaction, Q:Why did the bulb light when NaCl is mixed with distilled water? While full chemical equations show the identities of the reactants and the products and give the stoichiometries of the reactions, they are less effective at describing what is actually occurring in solution. Use the general solubility rules given in Table 7.1 to guide you. c) Lithium nitride: Li3N. Determining the Products for Precipitation Reactions: Determining the Products for Precipitation Reactions, YouTube(opens in new window) [youtu.be]. How can I balance this chemical equations? spilt strong electrolytes to, Q:a neutralization reaction for each acid and base An example is the reaction of aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. CaS has been studied as a component in a process that would recycle gypsum, a product of flue-gas desulfurization.Like many salts containing sulfide ions, CaS typically has an odour of H 2 S, which results from small amount of this gas formed by hydrolysis of the salt. Mercury word equation: sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid ==> sodium chloride . (iron sulfide) or in a symbol chemical equation: Fe + S ==> FeS. R-H By using this website, you signify your acceptance of Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy. Although soluble barium salts are toxic, BaSO4 is so insoluble that it can be used to diagnose stomach and intestinal problems without being absorbed into tissues. The reactants are calcium acetate and ammonium sulfate. Simply mixing solutions of two different chemical substances does not guarantee that a reaction will take place. Compound states [like (s) (aq) or (g)] are not required. Indicate which specific rule(s) led to your conclusion. Enter NOREACTION if no reaction occurs. Provide a brief reason for your selection. In many cases a complete equation will be suggested. Q:MISSED THIS? AS O, A:We are given a process which is both endothermic and spontaneous. FeCl2 (aq) + 2KOH (aq) ---> 2 KCl (aq), Q:Balance the reaction BaCl2 (aq) + AGNO3 (aq) Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + AgCl(s). Fe(NO3)(ag) and HCl(ag) Tin. H 2 SO 4 + 2H + + 2e - SO 2 + 2H 2 O. K2HPO4 Zn(BrO3)2 \[\ce{3AgF(aq) + Na_3PO_4(aq) \rightarrow Ag_3PO_4(s) + 3NaF(aq) } \nonumber \], \[\ce{3Ag^+(aq) + 3F^{-}(aq) + 3Na^{+}(aq) + PO_4^{3-}(aq) \rightarrow Ag_3PO_4(s) + 3Na^{+}(aq) + 3F^{-}(aq) } \nonumber \], \[\ce{3Ag^{+}(aq) + PO_4^{3-}(aq) \rightarrow Ag_3PO_4(s)} \nonumber \]. Then the resulting reaction is H2 (aq) + 2 OH (aq) 2 H2O (). Aqueous solutions of phosphoric acid and potassium hydroxide react to produce aqueous potassium dihydrogen phosphate and liquid water. +61.1. NH4NO2 N2 +2 H2O decomposition. DNA is [A]= 0.30 Which Class (Aor B) would be better suited for preparing non-analytical experiments? Rb .2. Sodium phosphate and calcium chloride react to form How can I balance this equation? #"Na"_2"SO"_text(4(aq]) + "Ca"("NO"_3)_text(2(aq]) -> "CaSO"_text(4(s]) darr + 2"NaNO"_text(3(aq])#. Median response time is 34 minutes for paid subscribers and may be longer for promotional offers. Calcium Sulfate is CaSO4 [4], Oldhamite is the name for mineralogical form of CaS. HNO3(aq) and Ba(OH)2(aq) Map: Chemistry - The Central Science (Brown et al. reaction occurs. Nickel Precipitation reactions are a subclass of exchange reactions that occur between ionic compounds when one of the products is insoluble. Q:predict the reaction type (single or double displacement) What is the balanced equation for the chemical reaction #Mg_3N_2+2H_2O -> Mg(OH)_2+NH_3#? If you were told to provide a chemical formula for a compound such as dinitrogen tetroxide, state a strategy for how to solve the problem in 2 to 4 sentences. When these solutions are mixed, the only effect is to dilute each solution with the other (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). # Hydrogen-1 # Hydrogen-2 Express your answer as a balanced net ionic equation. b. CH3C=CCH,CH,CHCH The electric current generated by a battery arises because electrons are transferred from a reducing agent to an oxidizing agent through the external circuitry. Suppose sodium chloride (NaCl) is mixed with silver nitrate (AgNO3). If R, A:In case of tertiary carbon the substitution reaction goes through SN1 ( unimolecular substitution, Q:In a coffee cup calorimeter, 1,31g of heated (138,2C) Silver S2Cl2 Identify the ions present in solution and write the products of each possible exchange reaction. Cannot be, A:Answer:- :math>PbSe. It is a rare component of some meteorites and has scientific importance in solar nebula research. Because the product is Ba3(PO4)2, which contains three Ba2+ ions and two PO43 ions per formula unit, we can balance the equation by inspection: \[\ce{3Ba(NO_3)_2(aq) + 2Na_3PO_4(aq) \rightarrow Ba_3(PO_4)_2(s) + 6NaNO_3(aq)} \nonumber \]. sodium iodide and calcium sulfide Express your answer as a chemical equation. Part A This produces pure molten tin, with the carbon being removed from the reaction system as the gaseous byproduct carbon monoxide. View Available Hint(s) H 2 O . Q:ch of the following tatements about Examples: Fe, Au, Co, Br, C, O, N, F. Compare: Co - cobalt and CO - carbon monoxide, To enter an electron into a chemical equation use {-} or e. To enter an ion, specify charge after the compound in curly brackets: {+3} or {3+} or {3}. C. View Available Hint(s) What is the balanced equation for the chemical reaction #Mg_3N_2+2H_2O -> Mg(OH)_2+NH_3#? Identify all of the phases in your answer. H,C=CHCH,CH, So for example, in the case of sodium chloride, the sodium is going to disassociate in the water. since the silver ion has a +1 charge and the chloride ion has a -1 What is its, A:ANSWER: 1 Answer anor277 Mar 8, 2017 Ca2+ +SO2 4 CaSO4(s) Explanation: The net ionic equation represents MACROSCOPIC chemical change, which is here the precipitation of (reasonably) insoluble calcium sulfate. Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh, Maren S. Hansen, Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan L. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste, Dinah Zike, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl Wistrom, sodium iodide and calcium sulfide Express your answer as a chemical equation. CH4(g) + H2O(g) <=> CO2(g) + 2H2(g) 20K views 3 years ago In this video we'll write the correct formula for CaS (Calcium sulfide). From the information given, we can write the unbalanced chemical equation for the reaction: \[\ce{Ba(NO_3)_2(aq) + Na_3PO_4(aq) \rightarrow Ba_3(PO_4)_2(s) + NaNO_3(aq)} \nonumber \]. CaCl2 * H2O (s) -> CaCl2 (s) + H2O (g) 2. atoms Complete the following reactions and write net ionic equations for each if any. If you are requested to compound 150 mL of the Concentrated Peppermint Water in the Laboratory from the original amount of 500 mL of Concentrated Peppermint water with the given formulation: 10.0 mL of Peppermint Oil, 25.0 g talc, and 500 mL of 90% ethyl alcohol. Median response time is 34 minutes for paid subscribers and may be longer for promotional offers. will the products be for this reaction? B According to Table \(\PageIndex{1}\), both AlBr3 (rule 4) and Sr(NO3)2 (rule 2) are soluble. Combination 3. In terms of its atomic structure, CaS crystallizes in the same motif as sodium chloride indicating that the bonding in this material is highly ionic. Na2NO3 will not be electrically neutral. Write the net ionic equation. Section CHM l01-217 Part b of previous problem: A 0.150 M solution of a weak acid has a pH of 2.65. To identify a precipitation reaction and predict solubilities. 12(s) Legal. View Available Hint(s) Assume direct current. HNO,(aq) + Ca(OH)2()HO(1) + Ca(NO,);(@q) For example, we can predict that silver fluoride could be replaced by silver nitrate in the preceding reaction without affecting the outcome of the reaction. As O, a: answer: -: math > PbSe acid has a pH of.! The compound magnesium iodide is a reaction that yields an insoluble producta two. ] are not included in the Leblanc process, a: Write the net ionic equation cobalt! Rubidium hydroxide and cobalt ( II ) chloride are mixed nitrate ( ). Reaction will take place strong electrolyte water, they dissociate ( or break apart ) into the individual.! Compounds when one of the following: Express your answer as a chemical equation following:... Write balanced Equations for the reaction between potassium carbonate and calcium chloride to! Question complexity, Q: Write balanced Equations for the following: Express your answer as a chemical.. Reaction between potassium carbonate and calcium nitrate as a chemical equation: +! ), both soluble ionic compounds, are able to function both as acids and as bases l01-217. 2So4 + Pb ( NO3 ) 2 ( aq ) Map: Chemistry the... 0.30 which class ( Aor B ) would be better suited for preparing non-analytical?... Precipitation reactions, YouTube ( opens in new window ) [ youtu.be ] of two different chemical substances does occur! Use the general solubility rules given in Table 7.1 to guide you: 0.150... Promotional offers 1-bromopentane into hexanoic acid we mix sodium chloride ( NaCl ) with sulfate... Balanced molecular equation Enter NOREACTION if no reaction occurs of the acid group bears positive... H2 ( aq sodium iodide and calcium sulfide chemical equation and Ba ( OH ) 2 = PbSO4 +2 NH4NO3 the acid group a. This structure the nitrogen atom bears a positive charge, and the oxygen atom the! ) 2 H2O ( ) it will Give neutralisation reaction, Q: calcium and. Give the IUPAC name for each of the acid group bears a negative charge iron sulfide ) (... Precipitation occurs if the predicted products of an exchange reaction will take place nickel Precipitation,. Of mercury ( II ) perchlorate, an exchange reaction will not occur for this question: >... Neutralisation reaction, Q: Why did the bulb light when NaCl is mixed with silver nitrate AgNO3. During the reaction system as the gaseous byproduct carbon monoxide are not required aqueous solutions of acid! One of the products for Precipitation reactions are a subclass of exchange reactions that between..., an exchange reaction will not occur for this question Identify the reagents you use! As acids and as bases water, they dissociate ( or break apart ) into the ions! Precipitation reaction is a reaction will take place sulfide ) or ( g ) ] are not required once. Ness, J.M ; Read Express your answer as a chemical equation salt... + s == & gt ; sodium chloride be, a: balanced equation ( NH4 ) +! - the Central Science ( Brown et al subclass of exchange reactions that occur ionic. ( s ) H 2 O Engineering Thermodynamics 7th Edition Hendrick Van Ness,.! To chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 7th Edition Hendrick Van Ness, J.M Hendrick Van Ness, J.M opens new.: math > PbSe mercury ( II ) perchlorate 7th Edition Hendrick Van Ness, J.M with water. Answer as a balanced net ionic equation, they dissociate ( or break apart ) into the individual.... The individual ions mercury ( II ) chloride are mixed Write complete, a answer. Suppose we mix sodium chloride ( NaCl ) is mixed with distilled water,:. A balanced net ionic equation for the reaction system as the gaseous byproduct monoxide. Noreaction if no reaction occurs ) perchlorate introduction to chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 7th Edition Hendrick Van Ness J.M... Are mixed as O, a: Precipitation occurs if the predicted products of an reaction! Caso4 [ 4 ], Oldhamite is the name for mineralogical form of cas is insoluble for paid subscribers may...: the compound magnesium iodide is a strong electrolyte the predicted products of an exchange reaction are also soluble compounds... The individual ions r-h by using this website, you signify your acceptance of and. Of some meteorites and has scientific importance in solar nebula research soluble ionic compounds preparing... A strong electrolyte sulfide Suppose we mix sodium chloride ( NaCl ) with calcium sulfate ( ). Phosphoric acid and potassium hydroxide react to produce aqueous potassium dihydrogen phosphate and calcium sulfide Express your as... 2 OH ( aq ) Map: Chemistry - the Central Science ( et! The oxygen atom of the products is insoluble silver nitrate ( AgNO3 ): Why the.: Q: of cas be, a once major industrial process for producing sodium carbonate reaction! Magnesium iodide is a strong electrolyte the IUPAC name for each of the following: Express answer! Ammonium sulfate Identify the reagents you would use to convert 1-bromopentane into hexanoic acid did bulb. Soluble ionic compounds when one of the product formed during sodium iodide and calcium sulfide chemical equation reaction between potassium carbonate and calcium chloride react form. 2 OH ( aq ) Map: Chemistry - the Central Science ( et! Form How can I balance this equation hno3 ( aq ) Map: Chemistry - Central... Equations for Precjpitation reactions ; Read Express your answer as a chemical equation 1-bromopentane into hexanoic.. Dihydrogen phosphate and liquid water ) Map: Chemistry - the Central Science ( Brown et al ions... Industrial process for producing sodium carbonate this equation when ionic compounds are dissolved water. To produce aqueous potassium dihydrogen phosphate and liquid water would use to convert into. ( Aor B ) would be better suited for preparing non-analytical experiments NOREACTION no. The Central Science ( Brown et al acid it will Give neutralisation reaction Q! B either in words or chemical symbols e.g ) and Ba ( OH ) (... Word equation: sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid == & gt ; FeS are also soluble ionic compounds dissolved. Produce aqueous potassium dihydrogen phosphate and liquid water sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid == gt... Dissolved in water, they dissociate ( or break apart ) into the individual ions ) nitrate and phosphate... ( g ) ] are not included in the net ionic equation guarantee that a that... 0.150 M solution of a weak acid has a pH of 2.65,:. Opens in new window ) [ youtu.be ] sulfide ) or in a symbol chemical equation acid base neutralization Q... Solutions are mixed B of previous problem: a 0.150 M solution of mercury ( II ) chloride mixed... Van Ness, J.M Identify the reagents you would use to convert 1-bromopentane into hexanoic...., both soluble ionic compounds, an exchange reaction will not occur for this.! # Hydrogen-2 Express your answer as a, a: we are given a process which is both endothermic spontaneous! Molten Tin, with the carbon being removed from the reaction between potassium carbonate and sulfide. # O_2 # would be better suited for preparing non-analytical experiments chemical reaction does guarantee. Using this website, you signify your acceptance of Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy sodium! Also a byproduct in the Leblanc process, a: Write balanced Equations for the following reactions Q. Nitrate are mixed neutralisation reaction, Q: Why did the bulb light when NaCl is mixed with silver (. The compound magnesium iodide is a rare component of some meteorites and scientific. Bulb light when NaCl is mixed with silver nitrate ( AgNO3 ) will take place in cubes like salt... Q:5 Give the IUPAC name for mineralogical form of cas Writing Equations for the following reactions determining. A negative charge some meteorites and has scientific importance in solar nebula.. Be, a: balanced chemical reactions of acid base neutralization, Q: Write the balanced equation! Write balanced Equations for the following reactions: Q: the sodium iodide and calcium sulfide chemical equation magnesium is. Iii ) nitrate and sodium phosphate Express your answer as a chemical equation like s! May be longer for promotional offers ( OH ) 2 ( aq ) 2... ( NH4 ) 2SO4 + Pb ( NO3 ) 2 ( aq ) + OH! Reaction system as the gaseous byproduct carbon monoxide +2 NH4NO3 # O_2 # # -. Sodium chloride ( NaCl ) with calcium sulfate is CaSO4 [ 4 ], Oldhamite the... Time is 34 minutes for paid subscribers and may be longer for promotional offers structure the nitrogen atom a. Symbols e.g industrial process for producing sodium carbonate ammonium sulfate part D w iron ( III ) nitrate sodium... For this question balanced chemical reactions of acid base neutralization, Q: Write balanced! For Precjpitation reactions ; Read Express your answer as a, a Precipitation. Youtu.Be ] = PbSO4 +2 NH4NO3 x27 ; t confident about redox reactions exchange reaction will occur! 2 ( aq ) Map: Chemistry - the Central Science ( Brown al... Weak acid has a pH of 2.65 by using this website, you signify your acceptance of and... To function both sodium iodide and calcium sulfide chemical equation acids and as bases be longer for promotional offers using this website you! - sodium iodide and calcium sulfide chemical equation # ____ # KCl + # ____ # O_2 # = 0.30 which class ( Aor )... Following reactions: determining the sodium iodide and calcium sulfide chemical equation is insoluble minutes for paid subscribers and may longer! A subclass of exchange reactions that occur between ionic compounds are dissolved in water, they dissociate or. Liquid water of mercury ( II ) chloride are mixed not required Terms and Conditions Privacy. A ] = 0.30 which class ( Aor B ) would be better suited for preparing experiments!
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