As a resident fellow, Sherman will teach a study group on negotiation and diplomacy this semester. While Islam and Christianity tend to be overtly resistant to adopting traditional African religious ideas or practices, indigenous African religions have always accommodated other beliefs. He has useful insights to add to our discussion and in many ways corroborates the statements other scholars like Mbiti have made about African religion. Youll never experience a black hole, but Avi Loeb can help you imagine one. These spirit do not carry the desires of humans to the Creator God. Thus, to assert as Mbiti does that there are no secret sins or that something or someone is bad or good only according to outward conduct is too careless a statement to make. Everywhere he went in southwestern Nigeria, he never opposed or spoke out against African culture including initiation rites, festivals, and traditional Yoruba dress as long as it didnt directly conflict with Christianity. There is even a community deep in the American Bible Belt in Beaufort County, S.C., called Oyotunji Village that practices a type of African indigenous religion, which is a mixture of Yoruba and Ewe-Fon spiritual practices. Veneration of departed ancestors is a major characteristic of all traditional religions. Belief in the Trinity While both Christianity and African religion have a concept of a Supreme Being, Christians believe in a God who exists in three persons. Maybe this is why I am not an Anglican priest. Traditional Africans did not practice baptism. An important area Green points to has to do with the role of God in these two systems of thought. Marshall, Ruth Adebanwi, Wale A Background to Religion and Magic in Western Thought Our modern usage of the term 'magic' derives from the Greek magike, However, in African religious thought God is distanced from the task of moral affairs because the task of moral retribution and maintenance of effective moral norms is usually performed by spiritual agents of much lower standingthat is, by spirits of various sorts, by ghosts and even by human practitioners of spiritual arts. Other characteristics that show the contrast between (Western) Christian thought and African Traditional Religion,according to Green, are the nonexistence of concepts of heaven and hell in African Traditional Religion, the lack of messianic expectations and hope, and the absence of eschatological thought with God stepping in to right all wrongs or to punish wickedness. And although African Traditional Religion affirms the continuation of life after death, where the person is believed to join the spirit world of the ancestors to continue life in some ways similar to the life before death, this belief does not constitute a hope for improved existence or for ultimate reward and punishment since a persons moral depravity or moral rectitude [does] not count in the beyond and whatever penalties or rewards those may bring have no bearing on life after death.. It doesnt have a fixed creed, like in some forms of Christianity or Islam. About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. I wont pray to an orisa, but I will affirm the importance of my connection with members of my age group. The other question: Stereotype, This essay deals with the relationship between Christianity and other religions. Church Life Journal OLUPONA: Your question underscores an important facet about African spirituality: It is not a closed theological system. Foreign religions simply dont have that same connection to the African continent. Because many diseases are believed to have spiritual causes, traditional priests sometimes act as doctors or herbalists. l| -O;l0bo?Ge_4=MQ=EO|`X\G~Ah,yyG]%,GmF/-w F%YX`Ip}( na~!e[X/K879 ,y?R'd&h. d?ZKS=h8\%M{h(5M=xUeQG:3Sp}#-%>KpC3`zI *vw() GAZETTE: How do you balance your Christian and indigenous African identity? To achieve its goal, the paper adopts the method of . Render date: 2023-03-01T10:31:12.538Z They do this by having Africans increasingly identify themselves as either Muslim or Christian, thus denying their unique African worldview that has always viewed as evidenced in their creation myths everything as unified and connected to the land, the place were ones clan, lineage, and people were cosmically birthed. They can also be the dead of the tribe, following the order of primogeniture. A holistic interpretation of the book between Paul and James. One scholar who has written extensively on African Traditional Religion is John Mbiti, a Kenyan whom many consider the dean of living African theologians. The idea is that the traditional African practitioner who constructed that amulet believes in the efficacy of other faiths and religions; there is no conflict in his mind between his traditional African spirituality and another faith. According to Mbiti, Africans came to believe in God by reflecting on their experience and through observation of the created universe. There are also the lesser gods that take residency in streams, rivers, trees and mountains. May the Lord assist us to know the truth and walk in it. GAZETTE: What is the state of indigenous African religions today? This bitter conflict has led to wanton destruction of lives and property, and this has become a source of great worry to the writers. These act as Gods associates, assistants, and mediators, and they are directly involved in human affairs. "useRatesEcommerce": false as a burnt offering. At stake here is nothing less than the question of human culpability and ultimate redemption, which has to do with the traditional Christian topic of sin and grace. Diviners who go through a long educational and apprenticeship program hold the history, culture, and spiritual traditions of the African people. The religious traditions and beliefs of the African peoples have enough differences to merit a study of each in its own right. How digital misinformation may keep you from a good nights sleep, Study finds surgical patients with addiction issues may be at greater risk for complications, including sudden cardiac death after anesthesia, Khalil Gibran Muhammad says College Board needs to stand firm behind curriculum, Chief counsel of respected mid-70s Senate inquiry into improper federal investigations says credibility of oversight function at stake, 2023 The President and Fellows of Harvard College. Traditional African religious influences on the church and the Bible It is worth noting that Cameroonians ferociously resisted foreign religions in the 18th century to maintain their traditional religions when Christianity entered Cameroon (Betoto, 2012). Olupona earned his bachelor of arts degree in religious studies from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, in 1975. The reasons for this shift are varied and complex. Christians acknowledge the existenceof magic and witchcraft. And if these shrines are not properly cared for by the designated descendant, then misfortune in the form of illness might befall the caretaker. Indigenous African practices tend to be strongest in the central states of Africa, but some form of their practices and beliefs can be found almost anywhere in Africa. a trans-moral suspension of retribution in the face of self-confessed and inescapable human wrongdoing. Green notes a similarity between this deep structure and that which has developed in Christian theology over centuries of effort at grounding human moral striving in the face of the experiential difficulties that assault moral idealism. In this Christian theological system, the idea of God as creator and sovereign expresses the moral requirements of impartial regard for all. The traditional theologians also emphasized that as in all religious traditions, the belief and worship of the Supreme Being in ATR does not just mean the strict performance of certain rituals. These include the pragmatic nature of the African cultural and religious heritage, and the African traditional methods of healing. OLUPONA: I was raised in Africa during the 1960s, when the Yoruba community never asked you to chose between your personal faith and your collective African identity. In short, the question is whether the notion of mercy exists in the moral order of African Traditional Religion and whether the sacrifices of African religion amount to an expiatory understanding in African religious thought. Both religions believe that God revealsHimself to people through dreams, propheciesand other special events. The commitment to theory, 2. However,among the people of South Benin in West Africa sometimes the lesser god known asVodun would ask for human sacrifices. These could be caves, forests,mountains and so on. hasContentIssue true, Copyright International African Institute 2016. This interview has been edited for length and clarity. This hierarchy is also evident in human society, where there are chiefs, clan heads, family heads, older siblings, and so on. With regard to the issue of offering ones wife in generosity, this practice, as Laurenti Magesa has shown, applied to a very limited number of African ethnic groups, such as the Masai, and in very tightly controlled situations among friends within the same age group fraternity and on very limited occasions. Christians do not have regard for their powers because they believethat they overcome all evil through the name of Jesus. Peel, J. D. Y. Both have religious leaders or priests whopresent the peoples requests to God. Yet consider that in 1900 most Africans in sub-Saharan Africa practiced a form of indigenous African religions. $70.00/$25.00. OLUPONA: Indigenous African religions refer to the indigenous or native religious beliefs of the African people before the Christian and Islamic colonization of Africa. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. The position I critique in this paper is really a complex of closely overlapping positions, some more theoretically sophisticated or better grounded empirically than others. Traditional Africans worshipped in shrines. GAZETTE: What allows African indigenous religions to be so accommodating? Much of Oluponas work is an attempt to provide a fuller understanding of the complexity and richness of African indigenous thought and practice by viewing it not as a foil or as a useful comparative to better understand Western religions, but as a system of thought and belief that should be valued and understood for its own ideas and contribution to global religions. Human beings are the link between the heavens and the earth, between the visible and the invisible universe. TraditionalAfricans gave offerings but they did not give tithes. Download chapter 3 in full (3-page PDF, <1MB), Photo credit: Sebastien Desarmaux/GODONG/Godong/Corbis, Part of the Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project, 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA 1630-1633), HEBREWS' CHRISTOLOGY AND ITS CONTEMPORARY APPREHENSION IN AFRICA 1, New Mind, New Heart, New Strength (A Paradigm on the New Man), Dissertation ETD Libermann and EA in Dialogue Dec 2013, Pentecostalism and Shamanism in Asia and Beyond: An Inter-disciplinary Analysis. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Just as within the traditional political and diplomatic contexts, one cannot formally contact the king without the agency of his linguists or sub-chiefs. Some ancestors may even be reincarnated to replenish the lineage. This is called the Trinity. Read our research on: Congress | Economy | Black Americans, Side by side with their high levels of commitment to Christianity and Islam, many people in the countries surveyed retain beliefs and rituals that are characteristic of traditional African religions. 2 0 obj Conflict is a universal phenomenon that is inevitable in human interaction. Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Green opines that although superficially regarded, this may seem to be a minimal moral relationshipmore like a kind of egoism on one side and fearful propitiation on the otherit also shows, however, the profound role that respect for age and for the fulfillment of lineage and familial duties play in this traditional setting. "The success of Christianity and Islam on the African continent in the last 100 years has been extraordinary, but it has been, unfortunately, at the expense of African indigenous religions," said Olupona. The ancestors are believed to be the most immediate link with the spiritual world, and they are thought to be constantly near, observing every thought and action of the living. Learn more about the similarities and differences of the religious systems of Africa, including indigenous religions, Abrahamic, Islamic, and Christian beliefs of people in the region. So, basically, to speak of African tradition is to talk about African Traditional Religion. For instance, the Yoruba religion has historically been centered in southwestern Nigeria, the Zulu religion in southern Africa, and the Igbo religion in southeastern Nigeria. <> To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. This should make it clear why some African intellectuals would question the relevance of Christianity on the continent. While both Christianity and African religion have a concept of a Supreme Being,Christians believe in a God who exists in three persons. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. M!eJ/"0Nq"3_ad!+;\4C2-0"+5qu|Rw!9KkC~V3M$ 2d yFT!Jf"ez:~ U S dE{hbaERVTGeqBzk2^oP)R}7Qv#.dQF4^%y+X-o"wr+l+B?{lb="akK;qurpDB ~O` Hn5~:D]xDS-V3tVgP`Axx8Mi2.O4g5=t DTW?ne![Cc?"C+E|o&Ks0`7_BiXHyJ8;B>7AfvuPTZV(3JW|/+Ywy"EtBEVYlNFc[5%X8@o|^DHD\*=z.)P??6`! 1 0 obj Both have initiation rites into full membership. GAZETTE: What will Africa lose if it loses its African indigenous worldview? Pratten, David He then reflects on five "essential aspects" of. This work investigates the conflicts existing between the two . Christians give a tenth of all their earnings to God. African Traditional Religion appears to be a self-sufficient system, both from atheological point of view, in that it provides answers to questions of ultimate reality and meaning, at least to its adherents; and from the point of view of morality, in that it provides the moral rules, norms, and instruction in virtues by which human beings can live upright moral lives. The Igbo traditional religious worldview maintains a polytheistic religious view, unlike the monotheistic outlook of the Christian religion. endobj To ensure that a natural balance is maintained between the world of the sacred and that of the profane, the roles of the chief within the state, family elders in relation to the lineage, and the priest within society, are crucial. Fardon, Richard Priests undergo vigorous training in the arts of medicine, divination and other related disciplines and are, therefore, consulted on a more regular basis by the public. 4 0 obj This happened in the past, and these codes were stipulated, considered sacred and binding, by the community leaders: The moral and religious order in the universe is articulated and expressed in a variety of taboos and customs that prohibit specific actions contravening such order. Hostname: page-component-7f44ffd566-79tgq In most cases, the earth is conceived as a living thing, a goddess, Mother Earth. According to Mbiti, the earth is symbolically viewed as the mother of the universe, while the heavens/sky are seen as its male counterpart. Rooted in the belief in God as the Creator, Africans believe in various dimensions of the created universe, such as visible and invisible (the spiritual realm), heavenly (skyward) and earthly (and in some ethnic groups there is a belief in the underworld). It argues that since the coming of democracy this form of religion has occupied a more important position, Although there is some debate, Francis Oborji in this article argues that one should speak of African Traditional Religion (ATR) in the singular. Has data issue: true These gods are generally perceived as intermediaries between the Supreme Being and society. I told my father that I was coming home, he recalled. Indigenous African spirituality today is increasingly falling out of favor. African spirituality simply acknowledges that beliefs and practices touch on and inform every facet of human life, and therefore African religion cannot be separated from the everyday or mundane.. The writing of this paper is another opportunity given to me so that l would use my talents given by the Holy Spirit to help our relatives still under the worldview of Satan to see and come into the Light of Life. 24 October 2016. OLUPONA: Thats a mixed bag. He later earned both an M.A. For myself, I negotiate between my Yoruba and Christian identity by, for example, affirming those aspects of African culture that promote good life and communal human welfare. Mystical power is found in all of them, in diminishing degrees. ABSTRACT The concept of God in the traditional religion of Akan and Ewe ethnic groups compare to the Bible By Godwin Kwame Ofosuhene I am going to focus this writing, on how the Akan and Ewe ethnic groups of Ghana, understood God in their traditional religious practices and after that compare or discuss these beliefs in the light of the Holy Scriptures. This view influences the way humans relate to the universe: on the one hand, they strive to maintain harmony between themselves and the invisible universe by observing the moral and religious order; at the same time, humans see the universe in a utilitarian way, from the point of view of what is beneficial or harmful to them. A classicatory system which attempts to distinguish the principal responses 1xxp~I7m#MWjxAqN,PT2^]R6C3Y'K~Bwv4-xwE@;5 During the early churchs initial expansion phase where congregations were established in Syria, Asia Minor, Achaia, Italy and Africa there were strong leadership structures in Alexandria, Carthage, Neo religious movements is a term often used to describe a wide range of movements that developed in the tail end of the 19 century (the 1960s and 1970s). Thus, everythingis not completely unpredictable and chaotic because of this order. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Itis made of God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit working together as one. (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax :t\.1biti's approach assumes that "Christianity comes to enhance African traditional religions." This implies that there is no tension between the major elements of African Traditional Religions and the major claims of Christianity." 19 Quantum computing simulation reveals possible wormhole-like dynamics. Specifically, by reflecting on the wonder and magnitude of the universe, they came to the conclusion that God must exist: they posited the existence of God to explain the existence and sustenance of the universe. Hence, it cannot be avoided in the interaction between Christianity and African Traditional Religion. ^xH&M'YZ7EDi%qN^K Holding or maintaining to a uniform doctrine is not the essence of indigenous African religions. <> A sacrifice refers to an animal that is offered to God, e.g. OLUPONA: No, this type of binary thinking is simplistic. But as we learnt in Unit One, Christians can also worship Him attheir homes or other places. What the data says about gun deaths in the U.S. The ordering of the universe and its continuance depends on God. These intermediary agents include the ancestors, members of the community who at death become idealized. February 21, 2019. Inculturation, as we will argue later in Morality Truly Christian, Truly African, sheds the light of the gospel on cultural practices like this one to reveal what is sinful in them and to show that human beings, especially women, in this case, deserve better treatment than this. ), In addition to expressing high levels of belief in the protective power of sacrificial offerings and sacred objects, upwards of one-in-five people in every country say they believe in the evil eye, or the ability of certain people to cast malevolent curses or spells. The contact was in fact,between two. They believe that Obatala helped Olurun in creating theworld and everything in it. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. For instance, in the southern Volta Region of Ghana, and in Togo and Benin, thousands of young girls of the Ewe (say Ay-vay) tribe are held as slaves in unspeakable conditions under a traditional religion belief called the trokosi system or wives of the ancestral gods. These differences, I will argue, have significant impact not just on the way people conceive of the moral world or with regard to moral intentions, but also on moral practices. Islam has experienced a similar rapid growth. stream Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. Published online by Cambridge University Press: x + 306. Pentecostalism and Shamanism in Asia and Beyond, A Critical Analysis of Byang Kato's Demonology and Its Theological Relevance for an Evangelical Demonology, INITIATION IN AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION, Veli-Matti Karkkainen, Kirsteen Kim, Amos Yong: Interdisciplinary and Religio-Cultural Discourses on a Spirit-Filled World, Encounter - Journal of African Life and Religion, 12 (2017), REGNUM STUDIES IN MISSION Pentecostal Mission and Global Christianity An Edinburgh Centenary Reader, Van Rheenen, Gailyn: Missions - biblical foundations. African traditional religion cannot be discussed without mentioning that it is the way of life of the people of Africa and so cannot be differentiated from the politics, education, and socialisation, etc. Monotheistic outlook of the book between Paul and James research Center does not take positions. X + 306 beings are the link between the two, e.g Anglican priest become idealized directly in... 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