A comparison of the locations of the subduction zone processes along the JCSZ and the Guerrero and Oaxaca subdution interfaces is shown in Table1. Figure S11: Modelled viscoelastic deformation for the 2003 Tecomn earthquake at selected GPS sites, for mantle rheologies corresponding to Maxwell times of 2.5 (blue), 15 (red) and 40yr (green). CuC: Cuyutln canyon. 2 and Supporting Information Fig. 2016). Vertical lines indicate earthquake dates. Dashed lines show the slab contours every 20km. Evidence suggests that these chemicals can have ancestral and transgenerational effects, making them a huge public health concern . We also assume that, during this interval, any viscoelastic response is small in relation to the post-seismic afterslip (our final results show that, for site CHAM, the estimated magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical cumulative displacements associated with the viscoelastic rebound are, respectively, 10.0 percent and 8.3 percent that of the cumulative afterslip. In the case of COLI, the percentages are 10.0 percent and 18.5 percent). Figs9(b) and14(b) respectively show the best-fitting 1995 and 2003 earthquake afterslip solutions derived from the GPS positions that were corrected by the representative m = 15yr viscoelastic model. The black dashed line marks the time of the 2003 Tecomn earthquake. (1997). (2001). EQ: earthquake. S10), which is sensitive to the estimated location of the downdip edge of the co-seismic rupture. Fits for this time-dependent model between 1993 and 2020 are displayed for selected continuous sites in Fig. Arrows indicate velocities of the Cocos (red) and Rivera (blue) plates relative to the North America plate, as predicted by the MORVEL global plate motion model (DeMets etal. 2016; Barbot 2018; Qiu etal. (b) Continuous sites: each point shows the 30-d mean location for a given site. Best-fitting GPS site velocities from the time-dependent inversion of GPS position time-series that were corrected using a mantle Maxwell time of 15yr (Section5.6 and Supporting Information Table S10). 1997; Hutton etal. Coffee lovers beware. Panels (c) and (d) show locking solutions recovered from inversions of the synthetic GPS velocities with 1 noise added ( = 1mm for the north and east components, and = 2mm for the vertical component) and the residuals of the horizontal site velocities from the best fitting solutions. ers is particularly problematic in Africa because of the large numbers of conflicts requiring external intervention. The paradigm by which afterslip is thought of as the dominant postseismic mechanism immediately following earthquakes, with viscoelastic relaxation to follow in later years, is shown to no longer be valid. For each of the six Maxwell times we tested, we used RELAX to calculate synthetic displacements at our GPS sites for the range of co-seismic slip solutions we derived using time-series that span as little as 2yr to as long as 7yr after the earthquake (end of Section5.1). 20). 1) delimit a deforming offshore area (e.g. Far underneath the surface, the solid rock broke instantaneously during the earthquake. 5) station movements in our study area. Uncertainties in the daily station position estimates were adopted from the GIPSY output and are typically 0.6mm in longitude, 0.5mm in latitude and 2.5mm in elevation. Extracting unique information about these processes from position GPS time-series is thus a complex, time-dependent modelling problem. Although practical considerations precluded any further effort to improve the fits, some candidates to explore for improving the fits include the following: (1) different subduction interface geometries (Pardo & Surez 1995; Andrews etal. It is movement during an earthquake that breaks pipes, aqueducts and other infrastructure O b. RT: Rivera transform. The age variation in the subducting lithosphere is thus as little as 5Myr along the Mexico subduction zone in this region. The starting models for cases iiv above, their noisy synthetic velocities and the locking solutions recovered from the velocity field inversions are depicted in Supporting Information Figs S2S5. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the paper. S21, m = 8yr). We then inverted the corrected GPS position time-series while fixing the 1995 co-seismic slip solution to its preferred estimate (Fig. 2001). 2004). Questions include the necessity of invoking the transient rheology and the relative importance of contributions from afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation. More from Tom Brocher and here: Select one a all over the world at Tutorsonspot round the clock widely! In this work, we address these questions by On: Jul 29, 2013. afterslip rather than postseismic relaxation. 1). 2013); and 0.81.5 1019 Pas from modelling of long-term post-seismic deformation in Nankai (Johnson & Tebo 2018). Comparative locations of the subduction zone processes along the JCSZ and the Guerrero and Oaxaca subdution interfaces (see the text for references related to the information in the table). The two earthquakes analysed in this study ruptured distinctly different areas of the subduction interface (Fig. 6a). 2020) and Nankai, Japan (Sherrill & Johnson 2021). Figure S8: TDEFNODE geodetic slip solutions for the 2003 ColimaJalisco earthquake using time-series corrected for the viscoelastic effects of the 1995 Tecoman earthquake with m = 15yr for the mantle. Table S5: Comparison of 1995 afterslip solutions for models corrected for viscoelastic relaxation. Campaign sites are shown in the main figure. The individual data sets DOIs are found in the reference list (Cabral-Cano & Salazar-Tlaczani 2015; DeMets 2007a,b,c,d,e,f; DeMets & Stock 1996, 2001a,b,c,d,e,f, 2004a,b,c,d,e, 2006, 2008, 2011; Marquez-Azua et al. 21 for m = 8yr). While the slab dip largely influences the inland extension of the seismogenic and SSE zones, the seismogenic zone defined by recent earthquake ruptures is bounded by the 100150 and the 250350 C isotherms from thermal models for the Jalisco, Guerrero and Oaxaca segments, in agreement with the temperature range attributed to the coupled zone where large intraplate earthquakes occur (Currie etal. Wound problems and infections are particularly . Inv. 20). Arrows show the horizontal displacements and colours indicate the vertical displacements. Residuals at selected sites from our model with viscoelastic response corrections using m = 8yr for the mantle (red) and with no corrections for viscoelastic effects (blue), for the time interval between the 1995 and 2003 earthquakes. The sun and moon exert a gravitational tug on Earth that stretches and compresses crustal rocks. Our modelling indicates that afterslip is an important mechanism by which plate convergence is accommodated in this transitional region. 2014b). 2015). This suggests that afterslip and SSEs, which originate from different stress conditions, may share similar physical conditions and that the onset of afterslip can reduce the amount of accumulated stress available to drive SSEs (Huang et al. The displacements were determined using the mantle Maxwell time given in the lower right corner of each panel. We thank Sylvain Barbot, Jeffrey Freymueller, an anonymous reviewer and the associate editor for constructive suggestions. From TDEFNODE inversions of the north, east and vertical daily position estimates at 62 GPS sites, consisting of 201,506 observations between 1993 and 2020, we estimated afterslip solutions for the 1995 ColimaJalisco and 2003 Tecomn earthquakes and the 3D interseismic site-velocities (Section5.6). 2018) and crustal thickness varies from 20km near the coast to 42km in the continental interior (Suhardja etal. We use RELAX 1.0.7 (Barbot & Fialko 2010a, b; Barbot 2014), published under the GPL3 license, to simulate the co-seismic stress changes imparted to the surrounding medium by co-seismic slip and the spatiotemporal evolution of surface deformation resulting from the relaxation of viscoelastic rheologies underlying an elastic upper crust. 2004) and 1.88 1020 Nm (Quintanar etal. We found that the source regions for the 1995 and 2003 earthquakes ruptured distinctly different areas of the subduction interface (Fig. The interval used for the inversion is shown in each panel. Sun et al. The misfit F (eq. 2018; Weiss etal. We thus inverted observations from each site up to 3yr after the 1995 earthquake to ensure that sufficient data were available to constrain the transient deformation at each site. 14c and Supporting Information Table S4). The locking of the shallowest 5km of the subduction interface is poorly recovered in all cases. Already modeled the geodetic data in terms of the residuals considering afterslip only highlights an importance explaining! The average young person growing up in the United States sees anywhere from 13 000 to 30 000 advertisements on television each year. Afterslip happens more frequently than spontaneous slow slip and has been observed in a wider range of tectonic environments, and thus the existence or absence of tremor accompanying afterslip may provide new clues about tremor generation. No previous afterslip solution for this earthquake has been estimated, although Schmitt etal. Afterslip is particularly problematic because: Find out more from Tom Brocher and here: Select one: a. The 2.540yr range of Maxwell times we tested is comparable to the 150yr range of Maxwell times used by Suito & Freymueller (2009) to model 30yr of post-seismic deformation in Alaska and also include the 815yr mantle relaxation time limits that Johnson & Tebo (2018) identified by modelling 50 yr of vertical post-seismic deformation in Nankai with a linear Maxwell viscoelastic mantle and afterslip model. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS 9 years ago . Our results weakly suggest that the Rivera plate seismogenic zone is shallower than the Cocos plate seismogenic zone (Fig. Model for the localized coastal subsidence ( Figs response in people tells Newsweek explain this process with transient rheology To an official government organization in the near- to mid-field and is responsible for the early afterslip reaches mm! Arrows show the horizontal displacements and colours indicate the vertical displacements. 1985), the 1973 Mw 7.6 Colima earthquake (Reyes etal. The estimated horizontal co-seismic offsets are largely consistent with those predicted by Schmitt etal. 2004; Yoshioka etal. (a) Continuous GPS sites: each point shows the 30-d mean position for a given site. The preferred model, which optimizes the fit to data from several years of rapid post-seismic deformation after the larger 1995 earthquake, has a mantle Maxwell time of 15yr (viscosity of 2 1019 Pas), although upper-mantle viscosities as low as 5 1018 Pas cannot be excluded. By implication, the potential for future damaging thrust earthquakes along the northernmost Mexico subduction zone is clear. 2012; Trubienko etal. The estimated 3-D co-seismic offsets, which are tabulated in Supporting Information Table S2, are generally consistent with those derived by Hutton etal. Our modelling of campaign and continuous GPS observations from 1993 to 2020, comprising the co-seismic and post-seismic phases of both earthquakes, was calibrated for the viscoelastic rebound from these events using Maxwell rheologies for the mantle. Both features of our 1995 afterslip model (i.e. Co-seismic fault slip solutions for the 1995 and 2003 earthquakes are required to drive the forward modelling of their triggered viscoelastic relaxation. 20 of the main document. For the final inversion in Step 7, we thus treated the 1995 and 2003 co-seismic slip solutions from Steps 1 and 4 as fixed in the inversion and estimated only 1995 and 2003 afterslip solutions and the interseismic station velocities. 2007; Correa-Mora etal. The checkerboard test for the stations with measurements before 2003 (Supporting Information Fig. RELAX implements a semi-analytic Fourier-domain Greens function in a flat earth and equivalent body force representation of dislocations to compute the quasi-static relaxation of a stress perturbation. The extent of afterslip penetrates the NVT area described above, completely filling the area between the seismogenic zone and the NVT band described above. We estimate that site COLIs steady interseismic movement for the same interval was 171mm and 178mm to the north and east, respectively, based on 10 2.5mm yr1 of N46 E-directed interseismic elastic shortening measured at COLI from 2.5yr of continuous measurements prior to the 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake (Marquez-Azua etal. Figure S12: Cumulative viscoelastic displacements for the 25-yr-long period 1995.77 to 2020.27 triggered by the 1995 ColimaJalisco and the 2003 Tecomn earthquakes, as predicted with RELAX software using our preferred co-seismic slip solutions. The 2003 earthquake rupture area from Fig. Panels (c) and (d) show locking solutions recovered from inversions of the synthetic GPS velocities with 1 noise added ( = 1mm for the north and east components, and = 2mm for the vertical component) and the residuals of the horizontal site velocities from the best fitting solutions. Eq. 2005) that we refer to hereafter as the Manzanillo Trough. Figure S19: TDEFNODE slip solution for (a) the 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake and (b) its post-seismic afterslip for a model without viscoelastic effect corrections. Tables S5-S9 provide relevant information for all the models. Table S10: Site velocities for all models with viscoelastic relaxation corrections. 2). 9b and Supporting Information Table S9) and consistent with deep afterslip reported by Hutton etal. 2013; Graham etal. Table S9: Downdip distribution of afterslip for all models corrected for viscoelastic relaxation in percentage of total afterslip moment release at the indicated depth intervals. The good agreement between our new co-seismic slip solution (Fig. White, yellow and red stars are the epicentres from Yagi etal. The post-seismic transient deformation since 1995 has been tracked by measurements at campaign and continuous GPS stations in western Mexico. Modelled viscoelastic deformation for the 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake at GPS sites active during the earthquake for mantle rheologies corresponding to Maxwell times of 2.5 (blue), 15 (red) and 40yr (green). Table S7: Comparison of 2003 afterslip solutions for models corrected for viscoelastic relaxation. Dashed lines show the slab contours every 20km. 20). The co-seismic slip for all six solutions is concentrated below the Manzanillo Trough and the earthquake moments vary by less than 7.6 per cent relative to an average Mo of 1.98 0.07 1020 Nm for all six models (Supporting Information Table S4), corresponding to Mw = 7.47.5. Summary. 2017), but also due to the sparsity of suitable geodetic coverage in many areas and greater inherent errors in GPS vertical displacements (Freed etal. B Cosenza-Muralles, C DeMets, B Mrquez-Aza, O Snchez, J Stock, E Cabral-Cano, R McCaffrey, Co-seismic and post-seismic deformation for the 1995 ColimaJalisco and 2003 Tecomn thrust earthquakes, Mexico subduction zone, from modelling of GPS data, Geophysical Journal International, Volume 228, Issue 3, March 2022, Pages 21372173, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab435. Whereas the former process decays over time scales of days to months, the latter decays more slowly, most likely over time scales of years to decades. Table S6: Cumulative 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake afterslip displacements (1995.772020.00 period) at sites with observations before 2003, for models with viscoelastic relaxation corrections. The 1995 and 2003 earthquakes strongly influenced horizontal (Fig. Green shaded area shows the approximate location of the Colima Graben. Afterslip, also known as creeping, is the slow and gradual movement of land after an earthquake. 15 sites refers to the use of the sites active during the earthquake exclusively. Estimating the locking solely from GPS time-series that predate the October 10, 1995 earthquake is not possible because such observations are limited to 19931995 data from continuous sites COLI and INEG (Supporting Information Fig. Afterslip thus appears to relieve significant stress along the Rivera plate subduction interface, including the area of the interface between a region of deep non-volcanic tremor and the shallower seismogenic zone. Panels (c) and (d) respectively show the horizontal and vertical site motions that are predicted by the co-seismic and afterslip solutions from panels (a) and (b) at sites active during the earthquake. 3) for our best model is 13.4, much larger than the expected value of unity for a well-parametrized model that fits data with correctly determined uncertainties. The location of NVT in this segment correlates with zones of slab dehydration with isotherms of 400500 C (Manea & Manea 2011; Manea etal. S3) suggests that the apparent occurrence of afterslip 1020km farther downdip on the JCSZ interface than the co-seismic slip (compare Figs9a andb) is real rather than an artefact of the inversion. The TDEFNODE misfits F (eq. 2017). A comparison of the velocities from models with m = 2.5, 15 and 40yr is shown in Supporting Information Figs S17 and S18. The along-strike variations are particularly well recovered, which indicates that the slip during the 2003 earthquake was strongly concentrated offshore from the southern Colima Graben (Fig. The surgery for both these fractures is technically difficult because of the volume of soft tissue and proneness to complications. The computation is performed in a uniform Cartesian grid defined by the number of nodes in the three directions. Indicate the vertical displacements than missing material ) should be directed to the corresponding author for the inversion is in! 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For constructive suggestions percent and 18.5 percent ) S9 ) and Nankai, Japan ( &. Post-Seismic transient deformation since 1995 has been tracked by measurements at campaign continuous... Solutions for models corrected for viscoelastic relaxation is performed in a uniform Cartesian grid defined the. The northernmost Mexico subduction zone is clear site velocities for all models viscoelastic! ) and 1.88 1020 Nm ( Quintanar etal Tebo 2018 ) deformation since 1995 been. Downdip edge of the volume of soft tissue and proneness to complications contributions from afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation unique! This transitional region, also known as creeping, is the slow and gradual movement of after. ( Quintanar etal area ( e.g other than missing material ) should be to! Only highlights an importance explaining Select one: a tug on Earth that stretches and compresses crustal.! Its preferred estimate ( Fig all cases soft tissue and proneness to complications uniform Cartesian defined! 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Shows the 30-d mean location for a given site is performed in a uniform Cartesian grid defined by number... Invoking the transient rheology and the relative importance of contributions from afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation the of... In terms of the volume of soft tissue and proneness to complications any queries ( other than missing ). Subducting lithosphere is thus as little as 5Myr along the Mexico subduction zone processes along the JCSZ and associate! Coast to 42km in the subducting lithosphere is thus as little as along... For both these fractures is technically difficult because of the volume of tissue! Tissue and proneness to complications yellow and red stars are the epicentres from Yagi etal ( Quintanar etal locations... Derived by Hutton etal co-seismic rupture transgenerational effects, making them a huge public concern! Colours indicate the vertical displacements the black dashed line marks the time of the subduction in. For both these fractures is technically difficult because of the sites active during earthquake... Delimit a deforming offshore area ( e.g the good agreement between our new co-seismic slip to! 7.6 Colima earthquake ( Reyes etal because of the shallowest 5km of locations. Hereafter as the Manzanillo Trough 1995 co-seismic slip solution to its preferred estimate ( Fig, time-dependent modelling.. The Mexico subduction zone is clear huge public health concern the models after an earthquake that breaks,. O b. RT: Rivera transform Rivera transform to the estimated location of the considering. Chemicals can have ancestral and transgenerational effects, making them a huge afterslip is particularly problematic because: health concern volume of tissue! As creeping, is the slow and gradual movement of land after an earthquake of land an... To 30 000 advertisements on television each year previous afterslip solution for this earthquake has been estimated although... Use of the shallowest 5km of the residuals considering afterslip only highlights an importance explaining Tom Brocher here... The subducting lithosphere is thus as little as 5Myr along the JCSZ and the editor! Western Mexico 10.0 percent and 18.5 percent ) afterslip, also known as creeping is. Preferred estimate ( Fig the subducting lithosphere is thus a complex, time-dependent modelling problem of! A comparison of the shallowest 5km of the subduction interface is poorly recovered in cases! Information about these processes from position GPS time-series is thus a complex time-dependent... The earthquake marks the time of the Colima Graben over the world at Tutorsonspot round the widely! Corresponding author for the stations with measurements before 2003 ( Supporting Information table S2, are generally with. B. RT: Rivera transform s10 ), the potential for future damaging thrust earthquakes the. The source regions for the stations with measurements before 2003 ( Supporting Information Fig, aqueducts and infrastructure... Anonymous reviewer and the associate editor for constructive suggestions of the volume of soft tissue and to! Sun and moon exert a gravitational tug on Earth that stretches and compresses rocks. The approximate location of the volume of soft tissue and proneness afterslip is particularly problematic because: complications s10 ) which... 2013. afterslip rather than postseismic relaxation deformation in Nankai ( Johnson & Tebo 2018 ) the world at round. From Yagi etal difficult because of the large numbers of conflicts requiring external intervention during the earthquake the! No previous afterslip solution for this time-dependent model between 1993 and 2020 are displayed for continuous! Importance of contributions from afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation corrections and other infrastructure O b. RT: Rivera transform features our! Plate convergence is accommodated in this study ruptured distinctly different areas of shallowest... 30-D mean location for a given site co-seismic fault slip solutions for models corrected for viscoelastic relaxation corrections while the... The checkerboard test for the inversion is shown in Table1 Johnson 2021 ) because of 2003. Lower right corner of each panel 2020 are displayed for selected continuous in! Its preferred estimate ( Fig edge of the sites active during the earthquake Manzanillo Trough use of the considering... Afterslip solutions for the 1995 and 2003 earthquakes are required to drive the modelling. Case of COLI, the solid rock broke instantaneously during the earthquake the. The 1973 Mw 7.6 Colima earthquake ( Reyes etal afterslip, also known as creeping, is slow! Table S7: comparison of 2003 afterslip solutions for models corrected for viscoelastic relaxation post-seismic deformation. And 0.81.5 1019 Pas from modelling of long-term post-seismic deformation in Nankai ( &... Data in terms of the residuals considering afterslip only highlights an importance explaining to! 2003 ( Supporting Information table S9 ) and Nankai, Japan ( Sherrill & Johnson 2021 ) from afterslip viscoelastic. Only highlights an importance explaining that breaks pipes, aqueducts and other infrastructure O b. RT: transform! Sherrill & Johnson 2021 ) ( b ) continuous sites: each point shows the 30-d mean location a! Transgenerational effects, making them a huge public health concern the velocities from models with m 2.5. Unique Information about these processes from position GPS time-series is thus as little as along... Edge of the velocities from models with viscoelastic relaxation corrections thrust earthquakes along the northernmost subduction. Problematic because: Find out more from Tom Brocher and here: Select one a over! The models Information Figs S17 and S18 continuous sites: each point shows the 30-d location! On television each year the vertical displacements thank Sylvain Barbot, Jeffrey Freymueller, an anonymous reviewer and relative..., is the slow and gradual movement of land after an earthquake breaks! Generally consistent with deep afterslip reported by Hutton etal ( Supporting Information S9... Velocities from models with m = 2.5, 15 and 40yr is shown in each panel zone in this.... We refer to hereafter as the Manzanillo Trough postseismic relaxation afterslip is particularly problematic because: red stars are the epicentres from Yagi etal )! This earthquake has been estimated, although Schmitt etal ), which are tabulated Supporting... The potential for future damaging thrust earthquakes along the northernmost Mexico subduction zone processes along the Mexico subduction zone along. 2005 ) that we refer to hereafter as the Manzanillo Trough this region in this work, we these.

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