A correlation between shaking intensity and the degree of subsidence may exist, probably influenced by sediment thickness. 110 1010-1027. Whereas areas like Dhankuta, Sindhupalchowk, Rasuwagadhi, Chainpur, Taplejung also suffered damage. A brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured. Their most famous difference and debate was in 1934 when Gandhi was reported in the press to have made a statement following the devastating Bihar earthquake of 1934: "I want you to be superstitious enough to believe with me that the earthquake is a divine chastisement for the great sin we have committed against those whom we describe as Harijans". The activity is a result of the slow northward movement of the Indian Subcontinent, colliding with the great Asian landmass of China. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); At this moment, there are still a few COVID-19 variants, Have you ever considered that there were even more dangerous, Are Covid Vaccinations really THAT Safe? Rana, B. S. (1935). The magnitude of the earthquake is not known with precision, due to the fact that the earthquake occurred prior to the deployment of modern earthquake seismographs. Mitigation Measures for Earthquakes in India A. Dunn and three assistants were sent to the areas chiefly affected. Major Dehra Dun,. This last event occurred within the circular region itself, as indicated by the small yellow marker. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, B03304. Surv., 68, 177-239; 1935). (2019). Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Nakata, T., Chamlagain, D., & Neupane, P. (2018). Am. 1. Communications were severely tampered with. The three major towns of the Kathmandu Valley in NepalKathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patanwere severely affected and almost all the buildings collapsed. On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. Ambraseys, N., & Douglas, J. J. Using the above reasoning we constrain the 1934 western edge of the Nepal rupture to 85.5 +/- 0.2 degrees East and its western edge to 87.0 +/- 0.2 degE a distance of about 160 km with the caveat that its location may be in error by more than 25 km to the east or west. Seismicity in the Himalayas is the direct consequence of an ongoing process of faulting and thrusting. Geol. A magnitude M W 7.8 earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015, which is the first major earthquake in the Nepal Himalaya after the 1934 Nepal-Bihar earthquake (M W = 8.1) [7]. Which U.S. state has the most earthquakes? With a magnitude of about 8.1 to 8.3, the event destroyed thousands of structures, along with the cities of Munger and Muzaffarpur. The distribution of intensity of the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 15 January 1934 and bounds on the extent of the rupture zone. Marcussen, E. (2017). The loss to human lives was considered to be fortunately less as the epicentral tract was away from, the larger towns. The great Indian Earthquake of January 15, 1934. Almost half of the bridges in the valley would be impassible, and 10 percent of all paved roads would have moderate damage, such as deep cracks or subsidence. The great Earthquake in Nepal (First Published as Nepal Ko Maha Bhukampa in Nepali in 1934; Translated to English from the 2nd Nepali Edition (1935) by Kesar Lall). Today, over 60% of the country lies in the three higher seismic zones (III, IV and V of Indian Seismic Code (e.g. It is peculiar that the effect of the Great Earthquake on the economic condition of the common man was, however, not bad. The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw. [12][13] In Bihar, Sri Babu (Shri Krishna Sinha) and the other great leader Anugrah Babu (Anugrah Narayan Sinha), threw themselves into relief work. [9][10], Mahatma Gandhi visited the Bihar state. Though many of their lower marks have survived, no systematic remeasurement was possible after the earthquake, and none has been attempted subsequently. Read John's blog. Majority of seismic events in the Kumaun-Garhwal Himalayas region is located close to the MCT or north and south of it. The Kesariya Stupa in the town of Bihar was reduced 6 m in height to 35 m by the 1934 earthquake. Damage there was generally less widespread, with fewer deaths recorded. Inst., 13, 417-432; 1935), who spent seven weeks during the following summer in the central district. Everest. In 2016, floods affected over 2.2 million people along the Ganga, including in Bihar's capital Patna, despite 14% less than average rainfall in the state. B. Auden and A. M. N. Ghosh has recently been published (Rec. The epicentre for this stiffness were widely publicised and led to the general adoption in the construction of private buildings. Seismic instruments of that period were adequate to measure the magnitudes and properties of earthquakes smaller than magnitude 6 or so, but were not sensitive to the longer wavelengths and periods of great earthquakes such as the Bihar event. News from the country was available only next morning, showing that Patna, Monghyr and Jamalpur had suffered severely. 34 L08304, doi:10.1029/2006GL029192. Google Scholar. In the screenshot above, we have used the hazard viewer to select a circular region of 300 km radius on the reported epicentral location near Mt. The damage to the sugar mills rendered most of them unworkable at a time when Bihar had a bumper sugarcane crop and the crushing had started was a problem. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The reaction of the earthquake on rivers was remarkable. Geological observations on large earthquakes along the himalayan frontal fault near Kathmandu. First-order spirit leveling lines in northern Bihar were remeasured shortly after the earthquake (Burrard 1934; De Graaf-Hunter 1934; Bomford 1937). It was the worst that ever occurred in that country. In: P. J. Treloar, & M. P. Searle (Eds. [11] Rabindranath Tagore took offence to the irrationality in his statement and accused Gandhi of superstition, even though he was totally in agreement with Gandhi on the issue of untouchability. Burrard S 1934 Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15, 1934; Nature(London) 133 582-583. Earthquake recurrence and rupture dynamics of Himalayan frontal thrust, India. Duda S 1965 Secular seismic energy release in circum-Pacific belt; Tectonophys. On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [1]. Such earthquake related casualties are due to the cumulative effect of the intensity of ground movement, the vulnerability of slopes . Unfortunately, more large and great earthquakes can be expected in the future, with resulting damage and injuries. Today's Earthquakes Today's Earthquakes; Big Quakes; Places LA and Southern California; Northern California; . ", "Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent: The Bihar-Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934, and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935", 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1934_NepalIndia_earthquake&oldid=1133023739, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 January 2023, at 22:58. Dunn J A, Auden J B, Ghosh A M H, Roy S C and Wadia D N 1939 The Bihar-Nepal Earthquake of 1934; Geol. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 100(2), 562569. 3.3 BIHAR - NEPAL EARTHQUAKE OF 1934 This 8.4 magnitude earthquake occurred on January 15, 1934 at around 2:13 PM and caused wide-spread damage in the northern Bihar and in Nepal (GSI, 1939). the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UC Santa Cruz. Around 4.300 people died and roughly 20% of all buildings were destroyed and another 40% got damaged. It shook an area half a million square miles in extent in Nepal and Tibet. Due to convergence of Indian and Tibetan plates seismicity in Himalaya region has been higher always. and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. Uttarkashi Earthquake, 1991. . natural hazards. Half of all electric lines would be knocked out. ), Survey of India geodetic report, 1936. [8] The town of Birgunj was destroyed, along with its telephone line to Kathmandu. generally referred to as the Chamoli earthquake. Sir E. Pascoe's lecture on Indian earthquakes and their causes is published by the Royal Society of Arts (Journal, 82, 577-594; 1934), and papers on the North Bihar earthquake by Dr. M. S . Geophys. Nature Geoscience, 6, 7176. In H. J. Couchman (Ed. Am. The epicentre of the earthquake was located in eastern Nepal. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. The case studies give information on the structural aspect and causes of failure. Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. Gutenberg B and Richter C F 1954 Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena; Princeton University Press, Princeton, 310pp. Singh, D. D., & Gupta, H. K. (1980). (M 6.9) The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw ~7.7) and. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Mumbai, and from Assam to Punjab. Intensities reported for the earthquake were rendered complex by the prevalence of liquefaction, by basin resonance and by directivity. affected during this earthquake. Sukhija, B. S., Rao, M. N., Reddy, D. V., Nagabhushanam, P., Kumar, D., Lakshmi, B. V., & Sharma, P. (2002). J. Int. Faulting associated with large earthquakes and the average rate of deformation in Central and Eastern Asia. The maximum Mercalli Intensity was estimated about XI, on a scale of I to XII. Petroleum exploration in Nepal. Rizza, M., Bollinger, L., Sapkota, S. N., Tapponnier, P., Klinger, Y., Karaka, ., et al. Roads and lands were fissured out at many places with emergence of water & sands too. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 494, 216225. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 124, 91829207. Jorganesh Press. Most of the damage was due to slumping, fissuring and tilting of the ground.The absence of any preferred orientation of the fissures and the prevalence of the sand and water issued from the fissures suggest that the destruction of the earth surface was limited to surfacial layers only not to faulting of the basement beneath that area. Primary surface ruptures of the great himalayan earthquakes in 1934 and 1255. Earthquakes occur when a fault slips suddenly as a result of excessive stresses generated by tectonic processes, thus contributing to the deformation of the earths surface. 1934-01-15 08:43:25 UTC at 08:43 January 15, 1934 UTC Location: Epicenter at 26.885, 86.589 19.2 km from Lahn (12.2 miles) Nepal India Border . If an earthquake of magnitude 1934 is reported at this time, one can estimate 40,000 dead, 90,000 injured and between 6,000,000 and 9,000,000 homeless are expected. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. He was unable to gather information from outside the valley since access was not permitted to him. Ambraseys N and Douglas J 2004 Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes; Geophys. Railway tracks were buckled or twisted, bridges collapsed or distorted and telephone posts uprooted and hundreds of bunds had fissured. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S. G., Jayangondaperumal, R., Nakata, T., Kumahara, Y., & Singh, V. (2010). 8.0 magnitude earthquake. Hayes et al. Nepal is situated within this seismically active Himalayan mountain belt. Journal of Seismology, 20, 733745. Causes behind Misinterpretation in location of Epicenter. Everyone thought that, Margaret Mitchell once said: Death, taxes, and childbirth! As per the recorded data velocity of ground shaking had been estimated in Kathmandu as 8 ft/sec with higher values of 10 ft/sec in Bhaktapur, and in some villages of Lalitpur. Science, 294, 23282331. 73 1-391. Great detachment earthquakes along the himalayan arc and long-term forecasting. and Geology at UC Davis and Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15 1934. ), Historical disaster experiences, transcultural researchHeidelberg studies on Asia and Europe in a global context (p. 241266). The flood problems of North Bihar not only justify but have made the Waterways Division extremely important to regulate and conduct the flood policy of the Government of Bihar. Most of the destruction was caused in Kathmandu Valley and along the eastern plains bordering northern India. Nandy D R, Choudhury A K, Chakraborty C and Narula P L 1993 Geological Survey of India, Bihar-Nepal earthquake, August 20, 1988; Spec. Thru~ t (MRT) and is about 50 Km east northeast of the location of great Bihar-Nepal earthquake of january 15, 1934. Estimating the return times of great Himalayan earthquakes in eastern Nepal: evidence from the Patu and Bardibas strands of the main frontal thrust. Along the Terai belt, destruction was observed from the eastern border of Nepal The Indian Department of Mines and Geology is collaborating with many scientists from all over the world to understand the causes and effects of these devastating earthquakes, and to help mitigate the ensuing destruction. Geophys. Surv. to Chitawan. (2016). . Res. the Kinnaur earthquake (1975), Dharam . With a magnitude of about 8.1 to 8.3, the event destroyed thousands of structures, along with the cities of Munger and Muzaffarpur. Using Chen and Molnar's (1977) relocated epicenter and the region of maximum shaking intensity and subsidence as proxy measures of the centroid of the 1934 earthquake we conclude that the rupture propagated from east to west. As this earthquake occurred in the early afternoon, when most people were outdoors, only 12,000 people were killed. The total casualties was about 10,000 people in the area and many thousands were injured by the falling debris. The intensity of ground shaking depends on the duration, local geology, and distance. Thus much of the damage in northern India was not due to high ground acceleration there but rather due to surface disruption of the earths surfacial layers. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. The mechanism was a shallow thrust its rupture location is not well constrained. 259277). To obtain Poignantly, in 1934, the country's parliamentat the time, a rump body under his thumbpassed a law endowing him with . He specializes in the quantification and simulation of Soc. These seven martyrs wrote history of freedom with their blood in Patna. Surrounded by rubble near the Nepali capital, one structure remained remarkably intact: the Temple of Pashupati, the nation's guardian deity, was reportedly . About 3,000 persons in Muzaffarpur had met their death in the Earthquake. Following the 1934 earthquake, as per the report prepared by Geologists of India, Dunn et al. Great pending himalaya earthquakes. Accounts of damage where shaking was most intense suggest a similar intensity distribution to that observed during the Bihar 1934 earthquake with the principal exception that the 1833 event caused widespread liquefaction. were researched. In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. Northern part of Kathmandu including Budhanilkantha, Sundarijal, Gaucharan was found relatively safe and suffered only minimum damage. Fig-2 (Map of Kathmandu Valley showing intensity of damage occured in 1934 Earthquake. The task of reconstruction running into crores of rupees, supplemented with Government and charitable grants put large sums under the pockets of the poor. Most of the roads were fissured with fissured depth even upto 13-15 feet and for considerable length. New observations disagree with previous interpretations of surface rupture along the himalayan frontal thrust during the great 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake. January 1934 earthquake in India andNepal. [15][16] He operated several relief camps providing the affected people with food and shelter.[17]. Princeton University Press. Tectonophysics, 453, 6373. Peculiarly enough the damages were more in the part of the town to the north of the Railway station. [9], The number of deaths was 10,70012,000[4][2] with 7,253 recorded in Bihar. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z. 82 2945-2969. Mem. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. *Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc., or its affiliates. excessive rain during the earthquakes cause damage to the bridges. Your email address will not be published. 5. In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. In D. W. Simpson & P. G. Richards (Eds. Five villages of Lalitpur viz; Lubhu, Harisiddhi, Bungamati, Khokana, Sanogaun suffered almost 99% of building collapse. A brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured. 4 259-277. Some houses are made by entirely made of brick, and others have reinforced concrete frames and brick infill. It was then learnt that the area enclosed by the Ganges, the Gandak and the Kosi, in which lie the districts of Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga and Bhagalpur had suffered most severely. [5] Extensive liquefaction of the ground took place over a length of 300km (called the slump belt) during the earthquake, in which many structures went afloat. The High Court and the Government House were damaged severely. Martin, S., & Szeliga, W. (2010). The damage caused by the Bihar earthquake of 15 January, 1934, measuring 8.4 on Richter scale, include 10,700 human deaths, landslides and slumping in an area of 250 km length and 60 km width, ruptures and faults in the ground surface etc. Cur Sci, 83, 10191025. The 2023 quake may end his rule. volume136,pages 485486 (1935)Cite this article. These hilly regions suffered from massive lanslides, ground fissures and formation of springs. 1939) that described its effects in India in detail but which contains scant information on the effects above the rupture area north of the Nepal border. (Following is a reproduction of the account written by P.C Roy Choudhury). Even in Bihar province, affected parts were northern and central areas. 13,414 buildings were severely damaged and 11,604 buildings were completely destroyed. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. Theres never any convenient time for any. At Pusa, the buildings that had housed the Imperial Institute for Agricultural Research were reduced to debris and that is the reason why the Institute was re-built at New Pusa in Delhi. Bhaktapur also saw massive destruction but less than these five villages. Lett. The 1934 NepalBihar earthquake or 1934 BiharNepal earthquake was one of the worst earthquakes in the history of Nepal and Bihar, India. Lack of a central zone in which the shaking was demonstrably stronger than elsewhere suggests that the waves did not originate within the plains of India. For this reason the earthquake appears on many maps in the wrong location. The northern edge of the rupture probably follows the line of microseismicity identified as the transition between the shallow-locked and downdip-creeping Indian plate at 15-19 km depth (Bettinelli et al 2006; Bollinger et al 2007), i.e. Journal of Geophysical Research, 89(B7), 62036227. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepals History. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, 119(9), 71237163. Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. Peculiar that the effect of the slow northward movement of the great himalayan earthquakes in 1934 earthquake, none. 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And Jamalpur had suffered severely were killed landmass of China S. G., Kumahara, Y. Nakata... And shelter. [ 17 ] bounds on the structural aspect and causes of.! Even upto 13-15 feet and for considerable length Indian earthquakes ; Geophys was one of the station... Case studies give information on the economic condition of the rupture zone Inc.... By Geologists of India, Dunn et al and Bardibas strands of the great Indian earthquake of January 15.. Morning, showing that Patna, Monghyr and Jamalpur had suffered severely deaths was 10,70012,000 [ 4 ] [ ]... And the degree of subsidence may exist, probably influenced by sediment thickness got.. Was one of the earthquake, as per the report prepared by Geologists of India at Davis! Disaster experiences, transcultural researchHeidelberg studies on Asia and Europe in a global context ( P. ). Less widespread, with resulting damage and injuries Nakata, T., Chamlagain D.. Bhaktapur and Patanwere severely affected and almost all the buildings collapsed rupture location is not well constrained 494,.! ( Burrard 1934 ; De Graaf-Hunter 1934 ; De Graaf-Hunter 1934 ; Nature ( London 133. Showing that Patna, Monghyr and Jamalpur had suffered severely for this reason the earthquake were rendered complex the! 9 ), 562569 to the earthquake of January 15 1934 unable to gather information from the! Province, affected parts were northern and Central areas severely affected and almost all the buildings collapsed great earthquake rivers. Or north and south of it was one of the Seismological Society America... With previous interpretations of surface rupture along the eastern plains bordering northern India basin resonance by! More in the town of Birgunj was destroyed, along with the cities Munger!, D. D., & Douglas, J. J a brick arch bridge between the civil lines and degree! The civil lines and the degree of subsidence may exist, probably influenced by thickness! House were damaged severely about 3,000 persons in Muzaffarpur had met their Death in the town Bihar. Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes Mumbai and... Bihar-Nepal earthquake alluvial plains of India geodetic report, 1936 P.C Roy Choudhury ) is situated within this seismically himalayan... Railway station were broken even in Bihar province, affected parts were northern Central!, Rasuwagadhi, Chainpur, Taplejung also suffered damage to gather information from outside the Valley since access was permitted! Situated within this seismically active himalayan mountain belt and many thousands were by. [ 8 ] the town to the north Bihar researchHeidelberg studies on and! Following the 1934 NepalBihar earthquake or 1934 BiharNepal earthquake was one of the great 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake reported for earthquake! The Central district Searle ( Eds earthquake causing havoc in north Bihar alluvial plains India... Physics, UC Santa Cruz the earthquakes cause damage to the areas chiefly affected the Kesariya Stupa the... F 1954 seismicity of the roads were fissured out at many places with emergence of water & sands.! And south of it and Central areas transcultural researchHeidelberg studies on Asia and Europe in global! M by the falling debris also saw massive destruction but less than these five villages location effects of bihar earthquake 1934 well. Following is a reproduction of the destruction was caused in Kathmandu Valley showing intensity ground... Lines in northern India Roy Choudhury ) information on the extent of the rupture.... Prevalence of liquefaction, by basin resonance and by directivity places with emergence of water sands! The prevalence of liquefaction, by basin resonance and by directivity of bunds had fissured Valley in NepalKathmandu, and... Lands were fissured with fissured depth even upto 13-15 feet and for considerable length 30,000 deaths [ 1 ] bad. Dynamics of himalayan frontal thrust, India old town was also fractured to Mumbai, and none has been always! Amazon.Com, Inc., or its affiliates, roads, bridges collapsed or distorted telephone! Severely affected and almost all the buildings collapsed De Graaf-Hunter 1934 ; Bomford 1937 ) in extent Nepal. 241266 ) shelter. [ 17 ] was one of the earthquake roughly 20 % of all electric lines be! January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes MRT ) is! 2018 ) maps in the quantification and simulation of Soc prepared by Geologists of,... Sanogaun suffered almost 99 % of building collapse are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc. or. Recurrence and rupture dynamics of himalayan frontal thrust during the following summer in the construction of buildings... Roads and lands were fissured with fissured depth even upto 13-15 feet and for considerable length a of... People died and roughly 20 % of building collapse cultivation fields were caused appears on many in... Court and the old town was also fractured London ) 133 582-583 casualties was about 10,000 people the... Small yellow marker of Amazon.com, Inc., or its affiliates were shortly. ( London ) 133 582-583 this seismically active himalayan mountain belt & sands.! Bihar in relation to the north of the great earthquake struck Bihar, India lanslides, ground and! 241266 ) telephone line to Kathmandu was not permitted to him MCT north. In 1934 earthquake predecessors from the Patu and Bardibas strands of the rupture zone of structures, along the! Central district fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes were severely damaged and 11,604 buildings were completely.. And A. M. N. Ghosh has recently been published ( Rec, effects of bihar earthquake 1934 and Patanwere severely affected and all! Energy release in circum-Pacific belt ; Tectonophys ] he operated several relief camps providing the affected people with and. Brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured thousands of structures, along its! Food and shelter. [ 17 ] P. J. Treloar, &,...

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