animal abuse in zoos and aquariums
World Animal Protection Group Uncovers Horrible Mistreatment At Hundreds Of Zoos And Aquariums. Research finds that the infant mortality rate for captive animals is However, most reports and studies indicate that animal mistreatment is about as severe and widespread in the United States as any other high-income country, such as Canada and many of the Western European nations.79, 80 It is worth noting, however, that the United States is home to the SeaWorld parks, which are notorious across the globe for gross mistreatment of their orcas and dolphins over the decades, and which breed and provide animals for several other marine parks around the world.81, 82 Captive animal mistreatment in lower-income countries is likely even more severe and widespread due to the increased prevalence of animal tourism and decreased government oversight.83, 84, 85. This natural calving interval allows the mother to devote her attention to the calf and ensure that it has acquired adequate social and behavioral skills before turning her attention to the next calf. Zoo DAmneville in France offers customers shows such as these, where once free-roaming tigersare made to mimic their trainer for an audience. However, these changes would draw attention to the facilitys role in provoking the aggressive behavior in the first place, so instead the facility often chooses to allow the triggers to continue and the aggressive behavior to escalate.130 When facilities cover up these instances, it also becomes more difficult for other establishments to learn from these occurrences and improve the conditions for and treatment of animals at their own facility. . when they are deprived from the strong social networks needed to Visitors are often willing to pay high prices for these attractions because they are more enjoyable than just watching the animals, and thus establishments continue to provide these experiences because it is profitable for them.112 However, these experiences are inherently stressful for the animals and are thus considered mistreatment. One of the most significant reasons that animals continue to be held in captivity is that this practice is monetarily profitable for the captivity industry. This practice is referred to as zoothanasiaThe practice of killing a healthy captive animal because the management of One study found that children better understood and appreciated animal adaptation, ecosystem significance, and threats to animal survival when looking at museum exhibits than visiting zoos.97 Additionally, there is no evidence that visiting zoos and aquariums can lead to long-term positive changes in knowledge, attitudes, or behaviors regarding animal welfare. The problem, he says, is when an organization slips over into commercial use and entertainment., Getting [animals] to the point where theyre completely safe around people involves a whole level of different training and breaking of the animals spirit, DCruze says. At the Los Angeles Zoo, a gorilla named Evelyn escaped seven times in 20 years. The training process for artificial ejaculation can often be degrading to the animal by training the male to present his penis for manual stimulation or even conditioning him to become aroused by animals of other species.46 Additionally, artificial insemination can be painful and uncomfortable and result in negative consequences for both the mother and the infant if the mother is not at an age where she is physically or psychologically mature enough to care for an infant or if she was not allowed an appropriate birthing interval.47, 48, 49, Other types of animal mistreatment in captivity include some feeding and training practices. People felt suffocated being in lockdown but these animals endure abuse everyday. the establishment has defined the animal as surplus or unneeded., An animal husbandry principle that seeks to enhance the quality of captive March 1, 2023. For example, when an animal is acting aggressively, the institution could identify the triggers for this aggressive behavior and take precautions to reduce the animals stress and prevent further acts of aggression. Elephants arent the only species that try to flee a zoo life. Elephants figure prominently in his book, in part because they are so big that when they escape it generally makes the news. Its really great, and theres some really positive language in there that helps set the scene, but wheres the specifics? he says. The studys methodology was extremely simple. of animal-visitor interaction experience that went against the guidelines [WAZA] might not be able to enforce change in an indirect member venue, but they have set themselves up as the gold standardas such, surely they have a responsibility to proactively state what the red lines are for wild animal-visitor interactions, he says. stress and old age; however, it has only been documented in less than 1% of We do know that common animals kept as pets include lions, tigers, cougars, ocelots, servals, wolves, bears, alligators, snakes and nonhuman primates like chimpanzees. psychological well-being.154 Frequent examples of Blatant physical abuse such as beating or kicking, though not unheard of, is much less common (or at least much less reported) than mistreatment in subtler, more hidden forms.33, 34, 35 One of the most common forms of mistreatment is inadequate and limited living conditions. The A.Z.A. if they meet the credentials.6, meaning over 90% of zoos face very little oversight and do not have behavior.10, is very common among captive animals and though these behaviors may not Zoo animals, this new narrative went, function as backup populations for wild animals under threat, as well as ambassadors for their species, teaching humans and motivating them to care about wildlife. Such a transformation might free up some space. orca skin at the bottom of tanks from the whales peeling it off one The animals are kept inside a limited space by gates, walls, or nets; however, this is for the purpose of being able to provide food and veterinary care for the animal, and because these animals have not been trained to survive in the wild. infanticide),209, 210 but researchers have also found that captive In one escape, they worked together: One held a mop handle steady while her sister climbed it to freedom. Pigs are one of the most exploited animals historically. highly social animals who form deep connections with their pods in the wild; In some cases, the feeding is done as a show. outside of their tanks; it became so common for trainers to come to the park In his Animal Park, which opened in 1907 in Hamburg, he designed cages that didnt look like cages, using moats and artfully arranged rock walls to invisibly pen animals. These range from some of the more seemingly mundane, like petting experiences, to the more brazen and outlandish, like training seals to play-fight with lightsaber toys to mimic Star Wars or forcing big cats to perform in gladiatorial battles for audiences. World Animal ProtectionThe Ichihara Elephant Kingdom in Japan. We are asking WAZA to take responsibility for the activities of both its direct members and all other venues to which it is linked, said Williamson. Tied up and tortured. This indicates that even the best captive establishments that take great One decent rule of thumb is that the larger the animal, the worse it will adjust to captivity. the individual animal, a range of studies show that it is common among most Zoos and aquariums have an ethical obligation to ensure that the millions of animals in their care are afforded good welfare and humane treatment. . In recent years, the welfare of animals kept in zoos & aquariums has come under increasingly greater scrutiny. The shooting of Harambe the gorilla spawned the most-shared meme of 2016 and caused a hounded Cincinnati Zoo to suspend its social media accounts. Due to repetitive self-stranding despite these adverse and increasing psychological well-being. Wildlife tourism is the kind of thing where you go and you see wildlife in their own environs, in their own milieunot where you go and you get to take your picture with the tiger, or you get to interact with a monkey thats dressed up in street clothes, or kissing an orangutan, or something like that. Of the 1,241 venues WAP surveyed, 940 were, by its definition, indirect members. "In the wild, elephants walk up to 30 miles each day, bears are active for up to 18 hours a day exploring their home ranges for up to hundreds of miles, and tigers and lions love running and climbing and will roam . Zoos have this almost sacred kind of role in conservation, says Neil DCruze, WAPs global wildlife advisor who contributed to the report. Power-mad men from Henry III to Saddam Husseins son Uday to the drug kingpin Pablo Escobar to Charlemagne all tried to underscore their strength by keeping terrifying beasts captive. This causes significant psychological damage for the mother and can cause her to reject her calf;171 one mother orca was found to reject and even repeatedly attack both of her calves to the point where workers had to separate them from her.172 Some captive animals have even been found to kill their infants due to psychological stress.173, 174 Moreover, the viable calving interval for orcas is often ignored when marine parks are breeding more whales. 30-50 YEARS Is the estimated life span of a killer whale in the wildmost orcas in captivity don't live past age 13. . by dolphins having to unnaturally lift their heads above the water for much of the situation.. It is these boastful collections of animals, these autocratic menageries, from which the modern zoo, with its didactic plaques and $15 hot dogs, springs. The Abuse Behind Marine Parks and Aquariums - The Wildezine The Abuse Behind Marine Parks and Aquariums Scout Crooke, Staff Writer March 8, 2018 Marine parks like Seaworld are part of a billion-dollar industry that keeps marine mammals, such as dolphins, seals and orcas, in cruel conditions. These sanctuaries are for the purpose of animal rehabilitationa place where animals are not used for entertainment but instead allowed to live in wild-like conditions since they cannot yet survive in the wild. See the box below for an example of establishments covering up instances of animal mistreatment in order to preserve profits. well-being because it can lead to depression, anorexia, immune system treatment by veterinarians.12 learned helplessnessA mental state in which an organism forced to bear aversive stimuli, or operations, health, husbandry, sanitation, and transportation of zoo them in meaningful ways.231 One study among primates found that and/or CNS dysfunction. These behaviors have no apparent goal or function, The Association of Zoos and Aquariums, which has a program aimed at sustaining the zoo population, said about 160 African elephants currently live in U.S. zoos. established by the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZAWorld Association of Zoos and Aquariums; an international body that creates To help achieve this, all zoos and aquariums should be subject to independent and third-party certification using science-based animal welfare standards. no specific statistics are available on this topic, it is safe to assume that Relaxing three hour visit to this top-rated zoo which is in the large Audubon Park south of the Tulane campus. realize that these practices are detrimental to the well-being of the self-harm. ex-SeaWorld employee reported that it was not uncommon to find long strips of in red blood cells.190 It is important to note that many of these another.169 Teeth rake marks have even been found on orca calves, Mr. Ashe, a former director of the U.S. operations, health, husbandry, sanitation, and transportation of zoo Such contact, the report notes, can be damaging for animals mental and physical well-being and often requires training methods such as premature separation from mothers, physical restraint, and pain- and fear-based conditioning. depending on the species and on the captive situation. CetaceansMarine mammals such as whales and dolphins.1 In the case of animal abuse in zoos, statistics reveal that most of the world's zoos and aquariums offer visitors some interaction with animals. An analysis of the ticket prices for the 10 most-visited zoos in the United States shows that the average adult general admission fee is $17.29, with 4 out of these 10 charging no fee.113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123 In comparison, SeaWorld Orlando charges $110 for a single-day ticket,124 and the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus charged about $43 per show before closing in 2017.125, 126 Entertainment establishments are able to charge more money because people are willing to pay more to be further entertained by the animals, even though animals are more harshly mistreated when they are forced to learn tricks and perform for the audience.127. At least 20 zoos in the United States have already ended their elephant exhibits in part because of ethical concerns about keeping the species captive. death.211. importing of marine mammals except in the case of government-approved and are uncommon in non-captive wild animals.9 I pointed out that we cant ask animals whether they are happy with their enclosure size. On the other hand, the researchers reported, there were no significant differences in survey responses before entering an exhibit compared with those obtained as visitors were exiting., A 2008 study of 206 zoo visitors by some members of the same team showed that while 42 percent said that the main purpose of the zoo was to teach visitors about animals and conservation, 66 percent said that their primary reason for going was to have an outing with friends or family, and just 12 percent said their intention was to learn about animals., The researchers also spied on hundreds of visitors conversations at the Bronx Zoo, the Brookfield Zoo outside Chicago and the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo. however, this tissue can wear down and cause the dorsal fin to collapse. because these interactions are inherently stressful for the animal. fractured teeth and 24% have teeth worn down to the gingiva.195 William Randolph Hearst created his own private zoo with lions, tigers, leopards and more at Hearst Castle. World Animal ProtectionLions are made to perform in gladiator-style battles, something wholly unnatural to these captive creatures. They are kind people, bonded to their charges and immersed in the culture of the zoo, in which they are the good guys. However, the robot-dolphin is truly an cruelty-free alternative to the capture and confinement of live animals for our entertainment, it does seem worth it though, and may actually prove . Animal Plant and Health Inspection Services; a federal body under the US behaviors arise when the animals are deprived of adequate mental stimulation wombats who were handled only for regular contain no objects for mental stimulation, leading to boredom and of certain species, and this inbreeding reduces the chances of survival of the . efficacy of these policies and organizations will be discussed later in this psychological and physiological well-being.14 These stimuli initial capture, which these studies attribute to chronic stress. of situations that have been found to cause or increase stereotypies have also According to Kirk-Cohen, zoos and aquariums WAP listed as indirect members in the report are not members, and WAZA cant impose its ethics standards on non-members. Animal Welfare Act; a federal law that protects captive animal welfare by 3,370. For example, most enclosures for callitrichid monkeys do not provide dense tangles of vegetation even though this is where this species would spend 89% of their time in the wild.39 Some animals, especially those kept in marine and theme parks, also face constant artificial noise pollution from the sounds of blasting music, screaming crowds, fireworks, construction, etc., and there is no quiet, peaceful place for them to escape the noise until the park closes.40, Another common type of animal mistreatment is separating the animal from their Aquariums that give performances, such as Sea World, often remove a calf from a mother's care long before they should. Meanwhile, the venue also used beluga whales to give people rides and reenact scenes from popular films while orcas were taught to play catch. Four of the zoos and the aquarium in New York City, for instance, are managed by the Wildlife Conservation Society, which is involved in conservation efforts around the world. state, and local levels to protect captive wild animals. Black-footed ferrets and red wolves in the United States and golden lion tamarins in Brazil all endangered, as well have been bred at zoos for reintroduction into the wild. I find one statistic particularly telling about their priorities: A 2018 analysis of the scientific papers produced by association members between 1993 and 2013 showed that just about 7 percent of them annually were classified as being about biodiversity conservation.. not being able to communicate with or form a social bond with these The report mentioned dolphins forced into breakdancing routines where theyre made to walk on their tails to music, for instance. World Association of Zoos and Aquariums; an international body that creates devices in order to help decrease boredom and stress, thus decreasing Breeding plans are underway at . Zoos Animals in zoos are forced to live in artificial, stressful, and downright boring conditions. the context of zoos, routine husbandry may include shifting animals from This is the image of the zoo I grew up with: the unambiguously good civic institution that lovingly cared for animals both on its grounds and, somehow, vaguely, in their wild habitats. Adding more stimulating objects (even something health effectsand due to the fact that self-stranding is virtually unheard of Emma Marris is an environmental writer and the author of the forthcoming book Wild Souls: Freedom and Flourishing in the Non-Human World.. There are certain conditions within captivity, such as small enclosures and being forced to perform in shows, that can severely exacerbate the mistreatment that captive animals face. She plans to obtain a dual graduate degree in global social work and public administration to help create, implement, and advocate for policies that will empower disadvantaged populations all over the world. and/or CNS dysfunction. These behaviors have no apparent goal or function, is chronic stress. Stop the cruelty of zoos and aquariums. animals, especially more intelligent and self-aware animals.159 For World Animal Protections report describes venues that offered encounters where visitors can stroke, kiss, and cuddle with big cats, shows where humans surf on the backs of dolphins, and performances in which elephants paint pictures with their trunks. Natalie Attwood started this petition to Animal Planet. The big issue is not what label one organization has or another organization has, she says. scientists discovering what the very first animal on Earth was, appalling photos of when indigenous people were placed in human zoos. occurring.217. Germanys Circus Roncalli made an impressive effort earlier this year to replace the appeal of seeing real animals perform with 3D holograms, instead. These parks that exhibit animals are inhumane and barbaric. as simple as rocks), would be more difficult and time-consuming for the situations has exacerbated their aggression.164 For example, in a unpredictable and unpleasant experiences. animals vulnerable to other diseases.188 Fatal diseases such as With their apes, elephants, big cats, and other large and smart species gone, they could expand enclosures for the rest of the animals, concentrating on keeping them lavishly happy until their natural deaths. Increasingly, animals were presented with the distasteful fact of their imprisonment visually elided. American Zoo and Aquarium Association; a federal body that sets voluntary great apes) due to their sedentary lifestyle and inadequate diet.181 WAP has issued stern admonishment to WAZA for not properly managing its members across the globe. Most people are drawn to wild animal attractions, including zoos and aquariums, because they love animals. experience a build-up of repetitive acute stressors from the different forms has been shown to be ineffective at ensuring that facilities are complying health issues have been found to persist even after animals have been released When denied adequate space, animals in zoos and aquariums often develop problems, such as abnormal repetitive behavior, aggression, and reduced life expectancy. worldwide study found that 75% of zoos and aquariums offered at least one type 174. enforce these guidelines; zoos and aquariums voluntarily join WAZA and are escapable, presumably because it has learned that it cannot control Chimps pull out their own hair. enforce these guidelines; zoos and aquariums voluntarily join WAZA and Moreover, the food provided may be inadequate; orcas are often fed frozen fish, which have a lower water content than fresh fish and can thus lead to chronic dehydration.50 Animals kept in facilities where they are trained to perform for visitors are often not fed according to a healthy schedule nor when the animal is hungry; instead, they are provided with food as a reward during shows.51 Other harmful methods are occasionally used in wild animal training as well, such as electric shocks, loud noises, squeezing the animals back, or threatening to capture them with a net.52 Additionally, being forced to perform is in and of itself a form of mistreatment for wild animals because it goes against their natural behaviors, and they are often forced to perform multiple times each day, even when they demonstrate unwillingness.53, A: Those who are in charge of running captive establishments are the ones who make decisions about how the animals will be treated, what training and feeding techniques will be used, what the enclosures will look like, and what breeding programs are employed. WAZA cannot survey of 35 zoos, at least 28% of elephants were found to have been injured conspecificsAnimals belonging to the same species.17 "It can prevent egregious acts of animal abuse at . According to Susan Shafer, executive director of CAZA, Jungle Cat World resigned its membership soon after a CAZA inspection. About a third offered walking or swimming through an enclosure, 30 percent had performances involving wildlife, and 23 percent had hand-feeding experiences, in which tourists can provide food and water for captive wild animals, which brings them into directpotentially dangerouscontact with them. The practice of tending to, feeding, and breeding animals. behavior.10as coping mechanisms. Todays 5-year-olds will likely live to 100, How to take better care of your aging brain. For example, 42% of studies in a meta-analysis found increased GC Display would be incidental. This self-harming behavior can come in the form of Although inaccurate record-keeping makes it difficult to know the extent to Wild animals are killed and kidnapped to supply zoos. The popularity and exploitation of animals in captivity has increased according to this statistic that shows that, "50 million children visit AZA-accredited zoos and aquariums, including 12 million students in the United States" (Zoos and Aquariums, 2017). strides to help animals thrive psychologically cannot account for all of the captive establishment.183, 184, 185, Many animals also suffer from physiological issues due to prolonged stress The most common interaction was pettingoffered by 43 percent of facilities, most often with mammals and reptiles. WAZA cannot (2005) "Stereotypic behavior of circus . given up resisting because they learn that they have no control over these He also found many examples of zoo elephants hurting or killing their keepers and evidence that zoos routinely downplayed or even lied about those incidents. That is called cruelty.'. This is exactly how animals held captive in zoos and sea-parks feel. A 2000 survey of U.S. and Canadian zoos found that nearly half of respondents were giving their gorillas Haldol, Valium or another psychopharmaceutical drug. People assume that because an animal can move great distances that they would choose to do that. If they have everything they need nearby, he argued, they would be happy with smaller territories. What could these zoos do with it, besides enlarging enclosures? Its can we learn something from this to help improve the conditions of the animals?. Many captive animals also die early due to health issues that are a byproduct stereotypiesRepetitive behaviors induced by frustration, repeated attempts to cope, DCruze says these standards are a step in the right direction but also that theyre not specific enough. resulted in DNA damage.187 In addition to changes in weight, the There is always that element of choice that gets removed from them in a captive environment. Terms & Conditions Cookies Policy Privacy Policy. One of the most common manifestations of psychological harm in captive animals for many dolphins and whales. Tatiana the tiger, kept in the San Francisco Zoo, snapped one day in 2007 after three teenage boys had been taunting her. In 2014, the director of the E.A.Z.A. Additionally, establishments that allow for close interaction between the Considering the vast range of species our members take care of, Kirk-Cohen says, its not possible to provide a list of unnatural or demeaning behaviors, but theyre ones animals wouldnt exhibit in the wild, Kirk-Cohen says. Moreover, less than 10% of American zoos are accredited by the A fine day out with the family might itself be justification enough for the existence of zoos if the zoo animals are all happy to be there. Little Joe, a gorilla, escaped from the Franklin Park Zoo in Boston twice in 2003. 173 LOCALITIES In 37 states ban the use of wild animals in traveling shows. other studies show that many animals ignore the devices or do not engage with For example, in the infamous 2016 case of the gorilla Harambe at the Social vs. medical egg freezing: Whats the difference? However, it is vital that visitors are made aware that cruel and demeaning animal visitor attractions have no place in modern zoos and aquariums.. importing of marine mammals except in the case of government-approved if they meet the credentials. After learning about the shocking and widespread animal mistreatment at hundreds of zoos and aquariums around the world, read about scientists discovering what the very first animal on Earth was. For example, just one orca whale is worth about $10 million in the captivity industry,104 which also pushes establishments to force female orcas to birth calves earlier or more quickly than is healthy for the mothers or calves.105, 106 The yearly revenue of the zoo and aquarium industry in the US as a whole is over $2 billion.107 Zoos, aquariums, parks, and other captive establishments are businesses that have to attract visitors in order to make money for their shareholders; for each animal they releaseespecially the animals who are the most popular attractionsthey will lose visitors and thus lose money.108, The profitability of animals is also a contributor to the mistreatment of 36 studies, animals gained weight after their capture, often due to excess Even in accredited captive facilities, wild animals still often fail to thrive due to the limiting and artificial conditions to which they are not adapted.234 As such, advocates for animal welfare have often pushed for the increased prevalence of captive release programs, also known as reintroduction programs, whereby animals are released from the captive establishment back into the wild.235 Currently in the United States, these programs are usually only used for endangered species who have been taken into captivity for the purpose of breeding until the population reaches a stable size, at which point the animals start to then be reintroduced into their natural habitat.236 This has been a successful practice for a variety of species, such as black-footed ferrets and California condors.237. 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