Birus, Hendrik (2004). Yet rather than challenging the unequal power hierarchies implied in the ethnographers act of looking, in which non-Western cultures are invariably the object of the gaze, Fifth Generation Chinese filmmakers actively replicate the state of being looked at in their films (Chow, 1995: 180). For some words, like "table", gender is fixed. (PDF) Social and Cultural Barriers in Translation - ResearchGate The word in the example sentence does not match the entry word. Translation Techniques - The Reason Why Human Translators Still Exist The fashionable Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, for example, had her portrait painted in a Turkish costume; the dissemination of stereotypes about the supposedly effeminate Orientals allowed her to appropriate the male garment of the turban without this being viewed as an act of cross-dressing. By contrast, Western audiences and critics were enthralled by this exotic spectacle which Zhang masterfully manufactured for the pleasure and gaze of the Western viewer (Lu, 1997: 126). De Luca, Tiago (2013). During the nineteenth century exotic gained the connotation of a stimulating or exciting difference, something with which the domestic could be (safely) spiced. Galt, Rosalind and Karl, Schoonover (2010). Preparing for your Cambridge English exam? Travelling Concepts: Postcolonial Approaches to Exoticism. However, the date of retrieval is often important. I am, of course, not suggesting that all world cinema filmmakers perform exoticism. Against this background, contemporary world cinema and the global film festival circuit, its prime site of exhibition, can be understood as a new type of contact zone, which Mary Louise Pratt has famously theorised in the colonial context as the intercultural space of symbolic exchange and transculturation, catering for cosmopolitan cinephiles and their interest in cultural difference. ." Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. Huggan, Graham. For instance, if I were translating the classic VW advertising text from the early 1990s, I might leave the German term for "the joy of driving" in German: "Fahrvergngen". 2001. <> Durham and London: Duke University Press. Experience the exoticism of the Medina of Marrakech. Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth, Griffiths and Helen, Tiffin (2000). by Erik Hinterding and Jaco Rutgers, Rubens and the bird of paradise. Khoo, 2007: 6; Heung, 1997). Offering Tales they Want to Hear: Transnational European Film Funding as Neo-Orientalism. Once associated with the exotic "Eastern" themes and styles of Eugene Delacroix's, James McNeill Whistler's, and John Singer Sargent's, Fantasy The meaning of EXOTICISM is the quality or state of being exotic. Cultural transposition - SlideCrop.com Europes Myths of Orient: Devise and Rule. exoticism translations: . Racial Attitudes and Exoticism in the Old English 'Wonders of the East' The flare of recent racial tensions, especially in the wake of the Trump administration's xenophobic rhetoric, has had repercussions in Charlottesville and across the United States. EXOTICISM | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary Shapiro, Ron (2000). Nagib, Lcia, Chris, Perriam and Rajinder, Dudrah (2012). Click on the arrows to change the translation direction. What is Calque (or Loan Translation) | BLEND Blog 283 0 obj Raise the Red Lantern is set in the 1920s and tells the story of Songlian (Gong Li), a nineteen-year-old girl who is forced by her stepmother to marry the much older Master Chen after her father dies and her family goes bankrupt. I seek to show that through vision and touch, and the proximity of objects to bodies in domestic environments, goods from all over the world become part of the material culture of the seventeenth-century Netherlands. Painting natural knowledge in the early seventeenth century, The History of the Dutch and Flemish Art Collection of the Szpmvszeti Mzeum. The film was shot in the classic three-strip Technicolor process to achieve a richness of reds and yellows no longer visible in Hollywood cinema which abandoned the three-strip Technicolor camera in 1954. 1640. Likewise, we only need to consider Apichatpong Weerasethakuls films, whose radical alterity makes them extremely enigmatic, if not utterly perplexing for global audiences, to appreciate that they lack two essential characteristics of exoticism: firstly, their extreme Otherness precludes domestication, that is, integration into a familiar system of aesthetic and conceptual reference points and, secondly, they are largely devoid of the visual and sensuous allure that is a hallmark of exotic cinema. Introduction. Forsdick, Charles (2003). Performing Exoticism and the Transnational Reception of World - Brill The word exotic was first introduced into the English language in 1599, meaning alien, introduced from abroad, not indigenous. 6}letBlT%kF6p. <> It adopts a cultural perspective that is firmly entrenched in the conventions and belief systems of Western civilization and therefore constructs the East as the archetypical location of otherness. Get ready with Test&Train, the online practice tool from Cambridge.Build your confidence with hundreds of exam questions with hints, tips and instant feedback. Goethes Idee der Weltliteratur. An abundance of colors, sounds, smells, and tactile experiences promise to gratify the senses within an economy that gives free rein to consumption, unrestrained by political responsibility and ethical commitment to the real actors of exotic fantasies: that is, it disregards the role of disadvantaged people, coming mainly from third-world nations, who make a meager living from appearing in the dramatized fantasies staged in tropical holiday resorts and nightclubs. The same holds true for world cinema, which must travel from its site of origin and be watched by audiences originating from different nations, regions or cultures. 93-128. 1 [1. Exotismus in den Niederlanden der Fruhen Neuzeit, Exotica on the Move: Birds of Paradise in Early Modern Holland, Domesticating Goods from Overseas: Global Material Culture in the Early Modern Netherlands, Rembrandt and his Time - through Hungarian Eyes. Bhabha, Homi. Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. The Presence, Influence and Collection of Seventeenth-Century Netherlandish Art in Hungary, Bibliography to Sehnsucht Persien/The Fascination of Persia. Direct translation techniques. Although this kind of cultural translation has, historically, been the domain of ethnography, it is by no means restricted to the scientific discourse on cultural difference. Their common denominator is, as I shall illustrate, that they resonate with the multi-faceted iconography of exoticism. Segalen, Victor (2002). Ebert, Roger (1992). (PDF) Language ideology and the presence of calques in Romanian 309 0 obj This is, however, not to say that all exotic films substitute glossy surfaces for deep meaning, thereby effectively compensating for the hermeneutic deficit that may arise when world cinema travels. endobj London: Arnold, pp. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. (LogOut/ The visual pleasure afforded by exotic cinemas sumptuous style is arguably the chief vehicle that allows world cinema to travel and be understood, or misunderstood, as the case may be, by transnational audiences who are potentially disadvantaged by a hermeneutic deficit of culturally specific knowledge when trying to understand films from outside their own cultural sphere. 1986. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Translating (human) gender German, Spanish, Hebrew, Arabic and Russian are just a handful of the many languages which have rich grammatical gender. Mitigating gender bias in machine translation: adapt, then correct There are three of these: 1. Of special importance is Edward Saids description of Orientalism as a discursive construction of European fantasies. Bradshaw, Peter (2016). Museum Rietberg. (April 27, 2023). Films like Tanna, Embrace of the Serpent, Three Seasons, The Scent of Green Papaya and numerous other exotic films referenced in this essay are easily accessible in terms of their narrative and historical background to transnational audiences. If we concur with Chow, then world cinema can never give a true or authentic representation of China, India, Africa or other cultures, since centuries of European cultural hegemony have conditioned non-Western filmmakers to see themselves through Western eyes. Homi Bhabha and subsequent scholars of hybridity and the encounters between subaltern and dominant cultures, therefore, make every effort to draw attention to exoticisms parodic dimension in order to empower and render eloquent its latent subversion of oppressive and exploitative fantasies. It results in creative reconfigurations that occur when the state of boundedness is disturbed by the forces of mobility (Papastergiadis, 2011: 2). 2023 . Get ready with Test&Train, the online practice tool from Cambridge.Build your confidence with hundreds of exam questions with hints, tips and instant feedback. Commenting on the films captivating beauty, film critic Roger Ebert (1992) notes: There is a sense in which Raise the Red Lantern exists solely for the eyes. In China, Raise the Red Lantern was initially banned and Chinese audiences preferred Zhangs visually less flamboyant Qiu Ju Da Guansi (The Story of Qiu Ju, China/Hong Kong, 1992) and Huo zhe (To Live, China/Hong Kong, 1994), both films about ordinary people and a shared collective past and present. In fact, Nichols compares the festivalgoers experience with that of an anthropological fieldworker (and tourist), who becomes submerged in an experience of difference, entering strange worlds, hearing unfamiliar languages, witnessing unusual styles (Nichols, 1994: 17). The Chinese Exotic: Modern Diasporic Femininity. How then are certain global art films decoded as exotic, while others are simply strange or bewildering? It experienced its first boom during the age of Enlightenment, when the establishment of trade routes began to supply Europe with such vast quantities of exotic goods that the purchase of luxury goods, including china, silk, perfumes, and precious stones, became affordable by the increasingly wealthy middle classes. However, to reserve this right for native critics and scholars would constitute a form of cultural essentialism that ultimately defeats world cinemas main attraction, namely, to offer windows onto other worlds. The Postcolonial Exotic: Marketing the Margins. One had to make a decision to be loyal to the author of the text, or to be loyal to the reader. (LogOut/ By looking at a number of things in circulation in the early modern Netherlands, we can identify them as both global, in the sense of having travelled across long distances, having accumulated associations with the exotic, and as local, part of the cultural practices we have come to think of as Dutch. 1995. Exoticism functions like a hermeneutic circuit that relies on the appropriation and reworking of established iconographic conventions and narrative tropes in order to be recognised as such. The visual pleasure afforded by exotic spectacle is arguably the chief vehicle that allows world cinema to travel and be understood, or misunderstood, as the case may be, by cultural outsiders who are potentially disadvantaged by a hermeneutic deficit of culturally specific knowledge when trying to understand films from elsewhere. Young, Deborah (2015). The translations of exoticism from English to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation; where the essential translation unit is the word exoticism in English. As exotic goods and materials become part of the domestic environment, global goods gain local meanings, and simultaneously bestow new layers of meaning on the material culture of the early modern Netherlands. a person, an institution, an animal, a plant etc.) This paper reassesses the working relationship between Jan van Vliet and Rembrandt in the context of printmaking practices in seventeenth-century Holland. An accurate translation Realist Cinema as World Cinema: Non-Cinema, Intermedial Passages, Total Cinema. 1. a tendency to adopt what is exotic. Hou Hsiao-hsiens first foray into the wuxia genre, The Assassin, deftly illustrates this. Very interesting. 1990. Hou reduces the customary fast-paced battle scenes, which are the genres main attraction, to just a few brief moments. 100-116). Huggan, Graham (2001). That is why exoticism has also been conceptualised as a form of cultural translation, namely the process by which one culture tries to make sense of another and not just their foreign language, but also their traditions, rituals and their entire way of life. Exoticism demonstrates itself in colorful spectacles of otherness purporting to be an unmediated expression of natural drives and instincts. Add exoticism to one of your lists below, or create a new one. The encounter with the exotic Other has traditionally been imagined as a re-awakening of the senses that have been dulled by the repetitive humdrum of modernity (cf. As I have demonstrated elsewhere (Berghahn, 2017), contemporary world cinema offers numerous examples of how exoticism is harnessed to new ethico-political agendas and a diverse range of humanitarian and ecological issues that have nothing in common with exoticisms tainted colonial legacy. The Assassin. Jameson, Fredric (1986). The Skin of the Film: Intercultural Cinema, Embodiment, and the Senses. For the twenty-first century, the experience of the exotic frequently thrives on an imitation of a ritual presumed to be authentic, involving an act of mimicry whose comic potential is easily glazed over. This article evaluates whether Lawrence Venuti's translation approach of "foreignisation" is likely to achieve his stated go al: translations that can resist cultural dominance. The most critically acclaimed examples of global art cinema demonstrate that an aesthetics of sensuous indulgence, which combines visual pleasure with haptic visuality, effectively compensates for the hermeneutic deficit that occurs when films are watched across borders. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. In A. Langer (Ed. Modulation: A Translation Method to Obtain Naturalness in Target Exoticism. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/exoticism. 302 0 obj Although exoticism is associated with notions of animality, it carefully distances itself from the violence and exploitation that characterize the related concept of barbarism. Lutz Bassmann went first and kept his mouth shut the whole time. exoticism in Traditional Chinese - Cambridge Dictionary Your current browser may not support copying via this button. In: Charles, Forsdick and David, Murphy, eds., Francophone Postcolonial Studies: A Critical Introduction. Berghahn, Daniela (2017). You can comment below, or link to this permanent URL from your own site. Another Examples of Exoticism Exoticism in Translation Lost in Translation. The Five Concepts Of Cultural Transposition | ipl.org VW left that word in its ad in English to emphasize that the car is German, and to give the reader (or listener) the notion of something unusual and exotic, to underline that the car is made in Germany, and thus has great engineering, etc. 'pa pdd chac-sb tc-bd bw hbr-20 hbss lpt-25' : 'hdn'">. 0 && stateHdr.searchDesk ? Guha, Ranajit, ed. Painting Blindness and Obscuring Vision: Rembrandt and the Senses. Rembrandt and the Dutch Golden Age (exh. Insights and Discoveries, Amsterdam 2017, pp. The Location of Culture. Although this article examines how some contemporary world cinema filmmakers exoticise their own cultures, world cinema also exoticises other cultures. A Recently Discovered Painting by Willlem de Poorter, From Painting Performances to Performing Paintings. The word in the example sentence does not match the entry word. Connell, John (2003). Ever since Louis-Antoine de Bougainville (in 1768) and other European explorers travelled to Polynesia and perceived the islanders as the incarnation of Rousseaus ideal of the natural man, untouched by the corrupting influence of Western civilisation, the South Pacific islands have come to epitomise paradise on earth (Childs, 2013; Connell, 2003). 1229. The emphasis exoticism places on sumptuous images and visual splendour shifts the attention from the films deeper meaning (such as specific historical events, social conventions and interactions articulated in the narrative) to the surface which not only shines but glosses, which looks, stares, and speaks (Chow, 1995: 150).5 Nowhere is this shift from the semantic core to surface appearance more apparent than in the films of Zhang Yimou which literally burst with bold saturated colours, a hallmark of his voluptuous visual style that is also emphasised in the titles of his films Hong Gao Liang (Red Sorghum, Zhang Yimou, China, 1987) and Raise the Red Lantern, and carefully composed painterly tableaus that invite audiences to feast their eyes on opulent interiors as well as on the enchanting beauty of Gong Li, the poster girl of Fifth Generation Chinese films (Khoo, 2007: 1) and first actress in the post-Maoist period to gain global recognition. Much of contemporary world cinema is, in addition, also transnational in terms of its modes of global cultural production and funding. London: Macmillan. Heung, Maria (1997). London and New York: Wallflower Press, pp. Their purpose is to show the exotic nature of the text. Eine historische Vergegenwrtigung. Now, in a remarkable reversal of fortune, it is the West that points out what is outstanding and characteristically Chinese in artworks from China.

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