The views and opinions expressed in the following book chapters are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Distilled Spirits Council or its member companies. Meanwhile, Seagram introduced its Five Crown and Seven Crown blended whiskeys to the American public, and they were an unmitigated success. Most goods at this time were sold locally by portions--the buyer knew to bring his or her own flour sack, barrel, tub, or jug to the purveyor, who filled it with flour, oats, lard, or whiskey. They had found that by using only the center cut of their distillate, and returning the end of the run back to the still for redistillation (a method still practiced today), they could remove unwanted bitter flavors from their whiskey. However, just to give Craig the benefit of the doubt, if bourbon whiskey had a good reputation down south (he did ship his whiskey down there), he may have *called his product bourbon even though he didnt there. Glenmore Distilleries (Kentucky Tavern, among others) survived Prohibition well and went on to become major producers and importers of a number of liquors and liqueurs. The same products from British colonies in the West Indies were not taxed, it was just a little gentle goading to remind the colonists where their allegiances should lay. These guys meant business. Not content with that destruction, Carry Nation then set fire to the contents. The average bottle of whiskey is around 40 proof. Greed, of course, was the motivating factor in all these shenanigans, and what the Whiskey Trust didnt count on was that some of the smaller distilleries within the trust would make as much whiskey as they desired, and simply lie about their production figures. Since, as Luckner, noted, the sleazy gin mills had disappeared, and much drinking, therefore, occurred in swank nightclubs and the homes of the wealthy, Prohibitions other weird but wonderful effect was that drinking became more socially acceptable than it had been prior to 1920. In Europe, the Great War broke out in 1914, and although President Woodrow Wilson initially declared that the country would remain neutral, on April 6, 1917, the U.S. declared war on Germany. And so it was that whisky, albeit Scotch whisky, was once again given the attention it deserved. Taylor William Samuels (Maker's Mark Bourbon) was operating a commercial distillery in Deatsville in 1844. It was a grand system that had actually been around since about 1870 when bottles became more common as a way of packaging whiskey, but as local Prohibition spread, drinkers in dry areas began writing away for whiskey like never before, and they were treated to some marvelous offers and premiums. However, some documents had been discovered that pointed to reasons other than friendship for Grants change of heart. Taylor William Samuels (Makers Mark Bourbon) was operating a commercial distillery in Deatsville in 1844. (Not all these people personally produced brand names that are now familiar to us, but they did establish a whiskey-making tradition in their respective families--the whiskeys with which these families became connected are noted.). Some canny souls of the period between, say, 1800 and 1840, probably savvy distillers who managed to put two and two and two together and eventually arrive at six, must have noticed that, not only was this aged whiskey smoother than the raw product straight from the still, but also that the stuff that came from expensive brand new casks didnt have quite the finesse of that from the used casks that had been charred to clean them up. Their pride for the craft is evident in this Rare Release of the 8-Year Single Barrel Rye Whiskey. 9: Alcohol and the City 1800-1900. A popular anecdote has it that a careless cooper accidentally let his staves catch fire and conveniently forgot to tell the distiller who bought the barrel about the mishap. Other accounts say that Wattie Boone, a relative of Daniels, and a certain Stephen Ritchie both made whiskey in Nelson County, Kentucky in 1776, and this is probably accurate. Lem Motlow, who took over the Jack Daniel distillery when Jack retired in 1907, introduced Lem Motlows Tennessee Sour Mash, Jack Daniels No. The act gave legitimate distillers the ability to prove the quality of their products, but the fight for honest labeling had only just begun. In December of that year the Distilled Spirits Institute (DSI) was formed in the New York offices of the Schenley Products Company. The early setters brought quite a supply of ale and spirits with them from England, but when their supplies dwindled, they had no choice but to brew their own beer, using whatever ingredients were close at hand. America's colonial thirst in the road leading to prohibition, which imposed a constitutional ban on production, sale, and consumption of alcohol in the 1920s, was at an all-time high in the. Obviously the actors in these media outlets aren't actually drinking, but I am curious all the same. Before 1800, Kentucky whiskey was known as bourbon, but the chances that we would recognize it as bourbon today are very slim indeed. The choice was simple: Let it mold and rot, or change its form as the ancient alchemists did and produce the water of life. (The word whisky is derived from the Gaelic word uisgebaugh, [WEEZ-ga-bochh] meaning water of life. If you say the word quickly enough--or with a substantial quantity of whiskey in your system--it becomes, with a little shortening, WEEZ-ga, a word that was Anglicized to become whisky.), Distilling grain gives farmers two distinct avenues for profit-making: The distillate, by virtue of having a high concentration of alcohol, can be stored almost indefinitely, and liquor is relatively easy to transport--much easier than huge sheaves of corn or rye. Some bootleggers took a shortcut and produced highly toxic methyl or wood alcohol instead of ethyl (beverage) alcohol. Tennessee enforced statewide Prohibition in 1910. In 1942 they introduced Wild Turkey bourbon to the marketplace. In effect, Lincoln was urging the temperance group to enlighten the public. These prices could be much higher in cities or for name brand liquors. At one point in 1791, a mob of over 5,000 men advanced on Pittsburgh threatening to burn down the whole city, but they were met by town officials who managed to dissuade them from their mission by promising to banish certain officials and plying the mob with food and, of course, whiskey. Not one to be sidetracked for long, Ms. Nation took to lecturing on the vaudeville circuit to raise money, and traveled to every state in the country, breaking up bars as she went. But these enterprising farmer-distillers, much like the earlier distillers of plums and berries, were distilling whiskey more or less for themselves and neighbors. Typically available by the end of August until it sells out. Even so, Grant, at this point, made it clear that he wanted to clear up the whole mess and prosecute whoever was responsible for stealing the money. There were few regulations about how the stuff should be made. However, many of the residents of these states sided with the Confederate cause--states rights. From time immemorial, coopers have been forming barrels over fire, and therefore toasting the staves while they were making them bow. Indeed, for every 1,000 bushels of corn used to make alcohol, the leftover mash could feed 30 head of cattle and 15 pigs for 112 days, thus producing 1,000 pounds of beef and 240 pounds of pork. During the year before his death in 1799, it has been estimated that he earned a considerable profit from his distillery, and had upwards of 150 gallons of whiskey left in storage. After taking office in 1869, the politics of Reconstruction plagued him, and his administration was beset by scandal after scandal. Finally, small-batch whiskey, single-barrel whiskey, and wheated bourbon, were getting their fair share of attention. For some reason, everyone seems to want to know the name of the very first person to make bourbon. The Best Peated Single Malt Scotch Whisky, Blind Tasted And Ranked. When groups such as Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) sprung up, the whole country started talking, once more, about the evils of drink. Heres an example of how it worked according to Martin Gilbert, author of American History Atlas, 1968: In 1752, by which time there were at least 30 legitimate distilleries in Rhode Island alone, a ship called The Sanderson left Newport, with 8,220 gallons of rum on board. And though Schenley tried to make that point very clear by printing on the label Its ALL WhiskeyNo Alcohol or Spirits Added, the result was the wrath of blended whiskey producers who said that the words were a put-down of their products. WhistlePig is touting this new expression as the " first-ever super-aged North American Single Malt," claiming its 21-year age statement is "more than twice as long as the oldest American Single Malt.". The bonding period was increased to three years in 1879, and in 1894, after the nation had just suffered a massive depression known as The Panic of 1893, it was increased again, this time to eight years. In fact, its very unlikely that anyone with the equipment and knowledge required to make whiskey would produce only enough for himself and his family. Schenley changed the wording on the label to Whiskey--A Blend--All Straight Whiskeys, but it was too late--the brand died. Bourbon was here to stay. Liquor in the 19th Century. It was partially due to these efforts that Prohibition would be repealed some 13 years later. When the Pennsylvanians arrived in Kentucky, they were met by other masters of the still who had preceded them by a couple of decades and started some new whiskey-making traditions. Most rectifiers were--and are--reputable wholesalers who bought whiskey from different distilleries (or a selection of casks from just one distillery) and mingled them together to arrive at a consistent product they could call their own. Years later, under the stewardship of Oscar and Master Distiller James Crow, their distillery reformed and modernized producing whiskey in the United States the distillery revolutionized the concepts of sour mash and yeast propagation. The father of our country really knew how to look after his children; he actually suggested that public distilleries be constructed throughout the states citing that, The benefits arising from the moderate use of strong liquor have been experienced in all armies and are not to be disputed.. New markets were opening up, and the whiskey business was becoming more and more profitable. And west. Rumors of the Whiskey Ring were rife at this point, and many upstanding aides at the White House breathed a sigh of relief when Benjamin Bristow was appointed to the Treasury--he was a very well respected man. Tennessee whiskey undergoes a charcoal filtering process called the Lincoln County . That's 80 percent alcohol for those new to this game. Was this Whiskeygate? Kentucky became especially powerful as they had exceptional corn and limestone-filtered water, plus easy access to rivers, enabling them to get their whiskey on a flatboat to St. Louis or New Orleans. This agency eventually became part of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms. Dating back to 1608, this brand has stood the test of time and not much has changed since the beginning. Maine was made dry in 1846, Vermont in 1852, New Hampshire and Massachusetts in 1855, and New York in 1854 (but for only two years--New Yorkers just dont put up with that kind of behavior). When it's good, it's good. Consequently, some at least were repeatedly looking for new land to farm. However, since the majority of brewers and distillers thought of the drys as not much more than religious fanatics, they chose not only to ignore them, but foolishly carried on doing business as usual--a bad move, and one that would eventually lead to their downfall. Here again, the whiskey business contributed to the war effort by keeping cattle and pigs well fed when food for the general populace was at a premium. All was by no means lost, however--good whiskey men never have given up that easily. Taxes have long been the bane of the whiskey businesss existence, and toward the end of the nineteenth century, demand was high for a fair policy that would benefit the country without crippling the entire liquor industry. The whiskey men of America were somewhat nervous that much of their audience was gone. All sorts of ploys were used to make this rotgut at least look good. Over the whole of the eighteenth century, about 250,000 Scots-Irish Ulstermen and Ulsterwomen came to America. Made in Kentucky, this barrel-proof version has a higher . included instructions on how to make imitation whiskeys such as Old Rye, Old Rye Monongahela, and Old Bourbon. The author, John Stephen, M.D., who billed himself as A Practical Chemist and Experienced Liquor Dealer, noted that his methods, known as the French System, were almost unknown in this country and accused previous rectifiers of adulterating liquors with poisonous and deleterious compounds., Stephens French System of making imitation whiskey, however, was, as he predicted in his book, to become the standard method of making less-expensive whiskey. The mail-order business continued, but with not nearly as much spirit as before. Due to his incompetency and the number of other scandals within his administration, by the end of 1874 Grant was not a popular man. During the first decades of the new century, science began to play a part in the manufacture of whiskey--due to a large extent to James Crows sour-mash methods. Additionally, trademark and copyright rules were lax. A similar trust of that time was the Kentucky Distilleries and Warehouse Company (KDWC), formed in 1899. It's a tightly regulated product that must be produced in the United States and has a few distinct characteristics. Meanwhile, during the late 1700s, the Scots-Irish, a huge group of immigrants from Northern Ireland began arriving in the United States. The biggest whiskey company was the National Distillers Products Corporation, a reputable company formed in the 1920s that was an indirect offshoot of the disreputable Whiskey Trust of the late nineteenth century. Though many types of grapes were native to America, the wines they produced were unlike the ones the Europeans were used to, and the colonists tried to cultivate European strains. They installed grain-handling machinery that would do the work of 30 men; their two gigantic stills (one of them erected on an entirely new principle about which we can find no details) contained 10 tons of copper and produced enough used grain to feed 5,000 hogs. The black-market price for whiskey was, in 1863, about $35 per gallon, compared to about 25 cents for the same amount at the end of 1860. AP Photo Consumption begins to drop. Therefore, strong drink is a luxury that takes food from the mouths of all people. But still, these early Americans werent content. Rumor had it that McDonald had helped Grant by making sure Sylph left him alone, and if the rumors were true, it was no wonder that Grant allied himself with McDonald. Carry Amelia Moore was born in Kentucky and raised there, in Missouri, and in Texas. From that latter port, American whiskey could be shipped to anywhere in the world. Until then, glass bottles remained fragile, expensive, hand-blown vessels that were very dear in every way. The company had $100,000 in capital and bought 100 acres of Louisville land where they built a huge distillery. So, though the public was protected and fed, in part, by the whiskey men of America, they just didnt have enough decent whiskey to drink. And north. *motlow died in 1947. Tastes had changed, and blended whiskeys had become increasingly popular. To a large extent, it worked. The battle eventually was won by the blenders, but back on this side of the Atlantic, similar battles were being waged. Why gin? Class and Social Order. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 added Missouri, Arkansas, and parts of Louisiana to the U.S., as well as a huge expanse of land that would eventually become Iowa, North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, most of Kansas, and parts of Montana, Wyoming, Minnesota, and Colorado. The first cotton mill in America had opened in 1789, and when America signed a treaty with Spain in 1795, the Mississippi River became the old man whose back would carry goods for sale or trade with no hindrance from the Iberians. But still, no hard cash was changing hands. And although the Governor of New Yorks office wasnt mentioned in the telegram, it is said that, even during the dry years, Franklin D. Roosevelt was wont to serve cocktails from his desk every afternoon at four. The Tom Moore Distillery was reopened as the Barton Distillery after Prohibition; it was later taken over by Oscar Getz and is now owned by Barton Brands. Quality and flavor among whiskies in the late 1800s varied widely. Carson does mention, however, that the log stills were used only for a primary distillation, and the spirit would then be redistilled in a pot still. A lid of sorts must then have been fitted onto the top of the log. Whiskey had great value during the Civil War. To cap off the Lincoln question, two more instances give insight into his views: In 1854, after Lincoln refused to partake of whiskey on a particular occasion, Stephen Douglas asked him if he were a member of a temperance society. Old Grand-Dad 114. Their company would later merge with the Weller company and become known as Stitzel-Weller. rye and malted barley Aged in oak barrels for an average of 5 . Prohibition finally ended at 5:32 P.M., Eastern Standard Time, on December 5, 1933. Not only are they, in many cases, less expensive than straight whiskeys, but the act of blending whiskey has now become an art form and results in a softer dram that is ideally suited for use with mixers, with some of the more expensive blends being complex enough to be savored for their own intricacies. That year saw the birth of yet another organization, The Association Against the Prohibition Amendment, made up of many brewers, distillers, and some very wealthy and influential people, DuPont family members among them. The first liquor to be made in quantity and to have a major impact on the colonies was, in fact, rum. Now he can instead buy his own car, and ride off for a weekend or a few days with his wife and children in the country or at the sea. Not all Northerners believed that their soldiers were drinking more than the Southern troops. Mainly because gin was what the bootleggers had decided to make--and they had good reasons: It is relatively simple to take unaged spirits, straight from the still, add a little oil of juniper, and create gin--not London Dry gin, mind you, a distinctive spirit with myriad natural flavors lovingly distilled into it, but a very crude form of what we now call compound gin, a less-expensive substitute. Since most people were used to the bold body and heady flavors of good whiskey, gin was far preferable to vodka, a spirit that was virtually unknown in America at the time. Wax, leather and corroded copper nameplates all adorn the unique rectangular bottle shape. What they werent considering, of course, was that once the public grew accustomed to blended whiskey, chances were they would never return to the pure stuff. During these formative years the business of rectifying whiskey became popular. They wanted their own liquor. Rye, another European grain, was a hardy crop that took root and fared well almost immediately in the middle colonies, and since the Europeans were accustomed to working with rye grain, they turned to it as the next best thing to barley. In the mid-1700s, New England rum sold for around three shillings (0.15) per gallon and was actually used in lieu of currency in what was known as the triangle trade with Africa and the West Indies. This was especially the case for gin. Its body gets bigger, its soul develops character, and the sharp, childish bite of *young, raw whiskey become deep, somber declarations of maturity. In 1904, the Cascade Distillery (George A. Dickel) was enlarged, making it the largest distillery in the whole of Tennessee at that time. Bininger, as far as we are able to ascertain, was a dealer in bulk whiskey who bottled some of his product. Since good straight whiskey was hard to come by during the dry years, the public had become accustomed to gin. They had conned Grant into becoming an ally, and the scheme backfired. When whiskey spends time in a barrel, it may seem to be sleeping, but in actuality it is growing up. When they arrived, they needed whiskey, and distillers rushed to meet the demand. It is the first Scotch to sell for six figures. Since they didnt yet use any kind of crop rotation, the land they were farming was tired and worn out after seven or eight years. The rum business in the United States was doomed, but its demise created plenty of room for the up and coming whiskey industry. Of course, her actions werent without their drawbacks, Nation was jailed in Wichita, and a few other towns, but it never stopped her from going out and smashing more saloons whenever she was released. Eventually, the distillers gave in to Washington. But the 1791 tax on American whiskey was, of course, very unpopular among the farmer-distillers. The idea, in general terms, was to make each industry share the available work among as many people as possible. So when did the whiskey-makers start aging their products? Whiskey and the Colonization of the United States. He claimed that the ringleaders had encouraged the spirit of opposition by misrepresentation of the laws calculated to render them odious, and had sought to deter those who might be so disposed from accepting offices through fear of public resentment and of injury to person and property, and to compel those who had accepted such offices by actual violence to surrender or forbear the execution of them. He went on to say that the distillers had been inflicting cruel and humiliating punishments upon private citizens for . The Molasses Act of 1733 levied five shillings per hundredweight of sugar, six pence per gallon of molasses, and nine pence per gallon of rum. Whether or not they were one and the same whiskey, bottled under different labels, is not known--but certainly possible. The association felt compelled to keep the government informed of the drawbacks of Prohibition; stressing mainly, that without taxes from alcohol, the economy was suffering; that farmers had lost a market for their grains and the surplus subsequently had brought grain prices down, and that unemployment in related industries was rising steadily. Laird settled in Monmouth County, New Jersey, in 1698 and set about applying his knowledge of distillation to apples rather than barley malt. Jack Daniels No. But Washington had his reasons, and although he was himself a distiller, he listened to Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, who proposed that the newly formed country should pay off its debts from the Revolutionary War. Horrible stories about people going blind after drinking bootleg liquor are true. And these were not the bygone days when men were the sole decision makers, by this time women, too, had buying power--and they were discriminating consumers. Whiskey spurred the women of America to lead a crusade that led to Prohibition, and has played a part in every major war this nation has seen. Modern spirits are 40% ABV, but in the 19th century it was typically closer to 15% ABV. In 1893, one of the most colorful characters ever to grace the whiskey industry, Julius Pappy Van Winkle, entered the whiskey business as a salesman for W. L. Weller and Son. Everyone seemed to have it out for the distillers. Whiskeygate--the Tale of the Infamous Whiskey Ring. At that time, women involved with womens rights often were characterized as plain, but Willard was anything but plain. This is a higher corn content than Montana 1889 Whiskey. Oscar Pepper, in the 1800s. American whiskey started its life as a raw, unaged spirit that had, as its main attribute, the power to spur the courage of the first colonists. Not long after, many a fine barrel of whiskey was being made in the Bards Town area. One of the women who had joined the Womens Crusade and was president of the WTCU. The scene and the amounts are merely hypothetical, but it gives you a rough idea of why the farmers had empty pockets. As the U.S. population grew and the 1800's progressed, we see a steady rise in the consumption of American distilled spirits. However, we are still left with that nagging question of the sour-mash process. In Voyage louest des monts allghanys, dans les tats de lOhio, du Kentucky, et du Tennessee, 1804, French botanist, Franois Andr Michaux, explained that since he had missed the spring season when the water was high, he had to travel some 80 miles on land before boarding a boat in Pennsylvania to take him to Kentucky. Wartime dance bands didnt just sing Rum and Coca Cola, they drank it, too. Jim Beam joined with Albert J. Hart to run the Old Tub Distillery in 1892. They were sold in a small glass which normally held a gill (4 ounces) and cost 5 cents. 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