for an arithmetic sequence a4=98 and a11=56 find the value of the 20th term
the first three terms of an arithmetic progression are h,8 and k. find value of h+k. Solution: By using the recursive formula, a 20 = a 19 + d = -72 + 7 = -65 a 21 = a 20 + d = -65 + 7 = -58 Therefore, a 21 = -58. Each term is found by adding up the two terms before it. We also have built a "geometric series calculator" function that will evaluate the sum of a geometric sequence starting from the explicit formula for a geometric sequence and building, step by step, towards the geometric series formula. It is made of two parts that convey different information from the geometric sequence definition. Obviously, our arithmetic sequence calculator is not able to analyze any other type of sequence. The distance traveled follows an arithmetic progression with an initial value a = 4 m and a common difference, d = 9.8 m. First, we're going to find the total distance traveled in the first nine seconds of the free fall by calculating the partial sum S (n = 9): S = n/2 [2a + (n-1)d] = 9/2 [2 4 + (9-1) 9.8] = 388.8 m. During the first nine seconds, the stone travels a total of 388.8 m. However, we're only interested in the distance covered from the fifth until the ninth second. The subscript iii indicates any natural number (just like nnn), but it's used instead of nnn to make it clear that iii doesn't need to be the same number as nnn. An arithmetic sequence has first term a and common difference d. The sum of the first 10 terms of the sequence is162. This arithmetic sequence has the first term {a_1} = 4, and a common difference of 5. Arithmetic sequence is also called arithmetic progression while arithmetic series is considered partial sum. The biggest advantage of this calculator is that it will generate all the work with detailed explanation. a = k(1) + c = k + c and the nth term an = k(n) + c = kn + c.We can find this sum with the second formula for Sn given above.. If you know you are working with an arithmetic sequence, you may be asked to find the very next term from a given list. hbbd```b``6i qd} fO`d "=+@t `]j XDdu10q+_ D 14. It might seem impossible to do so, but certain tricks allow us to calculate this value in a few simple steps. If not post again. If you ignore the summation components of the geometric sequence calculator, you only need to introduce any 3 of the 4 values to obtain the 4th element. You can use the arithmetic sequence formula to calculate the distance traveled in the fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth second and add these values together. The equation for calculating the sum of a geometric sequence: Using the same geometric sequence above, find the sum of the geometric sequence through the 3rd term. As you can see, the ratio of any two consecutive terms of the sequence defined just like in our ratio calculator is constant and equal to the common ratio. For example, the sequence 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, , does not have a common difference. If we are unsure whether a gets smaller, we can look at the initial term and the ratio, or even calculate some of the first terms. This is a mathematical process by which we can understand what happens at infinity. active 1 minute ago. Wikipedia addict who wants to know everything. Just follow below steps to calculate arithmetic sequence and series using common difference calculator. Find a 21. Go. But if we consider only the numbers 6, 12, 24 the GCF would be 6 and the LCM would be 24. Steps to find nth number of the sequence (a): In this exapmle we have a1 = , d = , n = . This geometric series calculator will help you understand the geometric sequence definition, so you could answer the question, what is a geometric sequence? where represents the first number in the sequence, is the common difference between consecutive numbers, and is the -th number in the sequence. This arithmetic sequence calculator can help you find a specific number within an arithmetic progression and all the other figures if you specify the first number, common difference (step) and which number/order to obtain. a = a + (n-1)d. where: a The n term of the sequence; d Common difference; and. Use the nth term of an arithmetic sequence an = a1 + (n . Now, let's construct a simple geometric sequence using concrete values for these two defining parameters. So -2205 is the sum of 21st to the 50th term inclusive. The n-th term of the progression would then be: where nnn is the position of the said term in the sequence. The geometric sequence formula used by arithmetic sequence solver is as below: an= a1* rn1 Here: an= nthterm a1 =1stterm n = number of the term r = common ratio How to understand Arithmetic Sequence? Example 1: Find the sum of the first 20 terms of the arithmetic series if a 1 = 5 and a 20 = 62 . This is an arithmetic sequence since there is a common difference between each term. For example, the sequence 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 is an arithmetic progression having a common difference of 3. The geometric sequence formula used by arithmetic sequence solver is as below: To understand an arithmetic sequence, lets look at an example. Therefore, the known values that we will substitute in the arithmetic formula are. Question: How to find the . In mathematics, geometric series and geometric sequences are typically denoted just by their general term a, so the geometric series formula would look like this: where m is the total number of terms we want to sum. Power mod calculator will help you deal with modular exponentiation. Then, just apply that difference. Objects might be numbers or letters, etc. We will add the first and last term together, then the second and second-to-last, third and third-to-last, etc. S = n/2 [2a + (n-1)d] = 4/2 [2 4 + (4-1) 9.8] = 74.8 m. S is equal to 74.8 m. Now, we can find the result by simple subtraction: distance = S - S = 388.8 - 74.8 = 314 m. There is an alternative method to solving this example. It's enough if you add 29 common differences to the first term. Check out 7 similar sequences calculators , Harris-Benedict Calculator (Total Daily Energy Expenditure), Arithmetic sequence definition and naming, Arithmetic sequence calculator: an example of use. If you know these two values, you are able to write down the whole sequence. Using the arithmetic sequence formula, you can solve for the term you're looking for. $, The first term of an arithmetic sequence is equal to $\frac{5}{2}$ and the common difference is equal to 2. Calculatored has tons of online calculators. What is the main difference between an arithmetic and a geometric sequence? Given the general term, just start substituting the value of a1 in the equation and let n =1. 4 4 , 8 8 , 16 16 , 32 32 , 64 64 , 128 128. While an arithmetic one uses a common difference to construct each consecutive term, a geometric sequence uses a common ratio. This website's owner is mathematician Milo Petrovi. Since we already know the value of one of the two missing unknowns which is d = 4, it is now easy to find the other value. Arithmetic sequence is a list of numbers where It shows you the steps and explanations for each problem, so you can learn as you go. Naturally, if the difference is negative, the sequence will be decreasing. What is Given. As the contest starts on Monday but at the very first day no one could answer correctly till the end of the week. The third term in an arithmetic progression is 24, Find the first term and the common difference. Homework help starts here! This calc will find unknown number of terms. e`a``cb@ !V da88A3#F% 4C6*N%EK^ju,p+T|tHZp'Og)?xM V (f` These tricks include: looking at the initial and general term, looking at the ratio, or comparing with other series. There is a trick that can make our job much easier and involves tweaking and solving the geometric sequence equation like this: Now multiply both sides by (1-r) and solve: This result is one you can easily compute on your own, and it represents the basic geometric series formula when the number of terms in the series is finite. Indeed, what it is related to is the [greatest common factor (GFC) and lowest common multiplier (LCM) since all the numbers share a GCF or a LCM if the first number is an integer. First, find the common difference of each pair of consecutive numbers. This sequence has a difference of 5 between each number. So far we have talked about geometric sequences or geometric progressions, which are collections of numbers. Actually, the term sequence refers to a collection of objects which get in a specific order. Given that Term 1=23,Term n=43,Term 2n=91.For an a.p,find the first term,common difference and n [9] 2020/08/17 12:17 Under 20 years old / High-school/ University/ Grad student / Very / . The critical step is to be able to identify or extract known values from the problem that will eventually be substituted into the formula itself. Find indices, sums and common diffrence of an arithmetic sequence step-by-step. d = common difference. a1 = -21, d = -4 Edwin AnlytcPhil@aol.com When we have a finite geometric progression, which has a limited number of terms, the process here is as simple as finding the sum of a linear number sequence. The idea is to divide the distance between the starting point (A) and the finishing point (B) in half. Math and Technology have done their part, and now it's the time for us to get benefits. (a) Find the value of the 20thterm. How to calculate this value? Next: Example 3 Important Ask a doubt. Two of the most common terms you might encounter are arithmetic sequence and series. an = a1 + (n - 1) d Arithmetic Sequence: Formula: an = a1 + (n - 1) d. where, an is the nth term, a1 is the 1st term and d is the common difference Arithmetic Sequence: Illustrative Example 1: 1.What is the 10th term of the arithmetic sequence 5 . To find the 100th term ( {a_{100}} ) of the sequence, use the formula found in part a), Definition and Basic Examples of Arithmetic Sequence, More Practice Problems with the Arithmetic Sequence Formula, the common difference between consecutive terms (. Qgwzl#M!pjqbjdO8{*7P5I&$ cxBIcMkths1]X%c=V#M,oEuLj|r6{ISFn;e3. This series starts at a = 1 and has a ratio r = -1 which yields a series of the form: This does not converge according to the standard criteria because the result depends on whether we take an even (S = 0) or odd (S = 1) number of terms. The Math Sorcerer 498K subscribers Join Subscribe Save 36K views 2 years ago Find the 20th Term of. A Fibonacci sequence is a sequence in which every number following the first two is the sum of the two preceding numbers. In a geometric progression the quotient between one number and the next is always the same. Sequences are used to study functions, spaces, and other mathematical structures. Find the common difference of the arithmetic sequence with a4 = 10 and a11 = 45. hb```f`` After knowing the values of both the first term ( {a_1} ) and the common difference ( d ), we can finally write the general formula of the sequence. Chapter 9 Class 11 Sequences and Series. It is also commonly desirable, and simple, to compute the sum of an arithmetic sequence using the following formula in combination with the previous formula to find an: Using the same number sequence in the previous example, find the sum of the arithmetic sequence through the 5th term: A geometric sequence is a number sequence in which each successive number after the first number is the multiplication of the previous number with a fixed, non-zero number (common ratio). Our sum of arithmetic series calculator will be helpful to find the arithmetic series by the following formula. It happens because of various naming conventions that are in use. To check if a sequence is arithmetic, find the differences between each adjacent term pair. For an arithmetic sequence a 4 = 98 and a 11 = 56. $1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + . This will give us a sense of how a evolves. We could sum all of the terms by hand, but it is not necessary. To find the next element, we add equal amount of first. In this case, multiplying the previous term in the sequence by 2 2 gives the next term. Please pick an option first. . Unlike arithmetic, in geometric sequence the ratio between consecutive terms remains constant while in arithmetic, consecutive terms varies. An arithmetic sequence or series calculator is a tool for evaluating a sequence of numbers, which is generated each time by adding a constant value. You can dive straight into using it or read on to discover how it works. The sums are automatically calculated from these values; but seriously, don't worry about it too much; we will explain what they mean and how to use them in the next sections. What if you wanted to sum up all of the terms of the sequence? The first two numbers in a Fibonacci sequence are defined as either 1 and 1, or 0 and 1 depending on the chosen starting point. Well, you will obtain a monotone sequence, where each term is equal to the previous one. There exist two distinct ways in which you can mathematically represent a geometric sequence with just one formula: the explicit formula for a geometric sequence and the recursive formula for a geometric sequence. Example 4: Given two terms in the arithmetic sequence, {a_5} = - 8 and {a_{25}} = 72; The problem tells us that there is an arithmetic sequence with two known terms which are {a_5} = - 8 and {a_{25}} = 72. By putting arithmetic sequence equation for the nth term. Their complexity is the reason that we have decided to just mention them, and to not go into detail about how to calculate them. We will see later how these two numbers are at the basis of the geometric sequence definition and depending on how they are used, one can obtain the explicit formula for a geometric sequence or the equivalent recursive formula for the geometric sequence. You may also be asked . That means that we don't have to add all numbers. You can use it to find any property of the sequence the first term, common difference, n term, or the sum of the first n terms. Calculate anything and everything about a geometric progression with our geometric sequence calculator. The constant is called the common difference ($d$). Before we dissect the definition properly, it's important to clarify a few things to avoid confusion. These values include the common ratio, the initial term, the last term, and the number of terms. Then enter the value of the Common Ratio (r). * 1 See answer Advertisement . For example, consider the following two progressions: To obtain an n-th term of the arithmetico-geometric series, you need to multiply the n-th term of the arithmetic progression by the n-th term of the geometric progression. We already know the answer though but we want to see if the rule would give us 17. Find the 82nd term of the arithmetic sequence -8, 9, 26, . You can also analyze a special type of sequence, called the arithmetico-geometric sequence. It means that we multiply each term by a certain number every time we want to create a new term. In this case, the result will look like this: Such a sequence is defined by four parameters: the initial value of the arithmetic progression a, the common difference d, the initial value of the geometric progression b, and the common ratio r. Let's analyze a simple example that can be solved using the arithmetic sequence formula. You can also find the graphical representation of . Now, Where, a n = n th term that has to be found a 1 = 1 st term in the sequence n = Number of terms d = Common difference S n = Sum of n terms Do not worry though because you can find excellent information in the Wikipedia article about limits. This is the second part of the formula, the initial term (or any other term for that matter). It's because it is a different kind of sequence a geometric progression. The sum of the members of a finite arithmetic progression is called an arithmetic series." Let S denote the sum of the terms of an n-term arithmetic sequence with rst term a and However, there are really interesting results to be obtained when you try to sum the terms of a geometric sequence. and $\color{blue}{S_n = \frac{n}{2} \left(a_1 + a_n \right)}$. Formula 2: The sum of first n terms in an arithmetic sequence is given as, Free General Sequences calculator - find sequence types, indices, sums and progressions step-by-step . Let's assume you want to find the 30 term of any of the sequences mentioned above (except for the Fibonacci sequence, of course). They have applications within computer algorithms (such as Euclid's algorithm to compute the greatest common factor), economics, and biological settings including the branching in trees, the flowering of an artichoke, as well as many others. Welcome to MathPortal. Find the following: a) Write a rule that can find any term in the sequence. 157 = 8 157 = 8 2315 = 8 2315 = 8 3123 = 8 3123 = 8 Since the common difference is 8 8 or written as d=8 d = 8, we can find the next term after 31 31 by adding 8 8 to it. First number (a 1 ): * * The first one is also often called an arithmetic progression, while the second one is also named the partial sum. For example, say the first term is 4 and the second term is 7. The sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic sequence is called an arithmetic series . . In other words, an = a1 +d(n1) a n = a 1 + d ( n - 1). Arithmetic sequence also has a relationship with arithmetic mean and significant figures, use math mean calculator to learn more about calculation of series of data. There, to find the difference, you only need to subtract the first term from the second term, assuming the two terms are consecutive. The formula for the nth term of an arithmetic sequence is the following: a (n) = a 1 + (n-1) *d where d is the common difference, a 1 is The main purpose of this calculator is to find expression for the n th term of a given sequence. Conversely, if our series is bigger than one we know for sure is divergent, our series will always diverge. The recursive formula for an arithmetic sequence is an = an-1 + d. If the common difference is -13 and a3 = 4, what is the value of a4? What happens in the case of zero difference? We will take a close look at the example of free fall. To answer this question, you first need to know what the term sequence means. For a series to be convergent, the general term (a) has to get smaller for each increase in the value of n. If a gets smaller, we cannot guarantee that the series will be convergent, but if a is constant or gets bigger as we increase n, we can definitely say that the series will be divergent. T|a_N)'8Xrr+I\\V*t. What is the distance traveled by the stone between the fifth and ninth second? It is quite common for the same object to appear multiple times in one sequence. To find the nth term of a geometric sequence: To calculate the common ratio of a geometric sequence, divide any two consecutive terms of the sequence. To understand an arithmetic sequence, let's look at an example. (4marks) Given that the sum of the first n terms is78, (b) find the value ofn. Arithmetic Sequence: d = 7 d = 7. Naturally, in the case of a zero difference, all terms are equal to each other, making . Trust us, you can do it by yourself it's not that hard! where a is the nth term, a is the first term, and d is the common difference. For the formulas of an arithmetic sequence, it is important to know the 1st term of the sequence, the number of terms and the common difference. The values of a and d are: a = 3 (the first term) d = 5 (the "common difference") Using the Arithmetic Sequence rule: xn = a + d (n1) = 3 + 5 (n1) = 3 + 5n 5 = 5n 2 So the 9th term is: x 9 = 59 2 = 43 Is that right? Every next second, the distance it falls is 9.8 meters longer. Hence the 20th term is -7866. For example, the calculator can find the common difference ($d$) if $a_5 = 19 $ and $S_7 = 105$. In mathematics, a sequence is an ordered list of objects. If you drew squares with sides of length equal to the consecutive terms of this sequence, you'd obtain a perfect spiral. It gives you the complete table depicting each term in the sequence and how it is evaluated. Please tell me how can I make this better. Also, this calculator can be used to solve much Using the equation above to calculate the 5th term: Looking back at the listed sequence, it can be seen that the 5th term, a5, found using the equation, matches the listed sequence as expected. endstream endobj startxref aV~rMj+4b`Rdk94S57K]S:]W.yhP?B8hzD$i[D*mv;Dquw}z-P r;C]BrI;KCpjj(_Hc VAxPnM3%HW`oP3(6@&A-06\' %G% w0\$[ It shows you the solution, graph, detailed steps and explanations for each problem. If anyone does not answer correctly till 4th call but the 5th one replies correctly, the amount of prize will be increased by $100 each day. Last updated: It's worth your time. Before taking this lesson, make sure you are familiar with the basics of arithmetic sequence formulas. 107 0 obj <>stream Example 3: continuing an arithmetic sequence with decimals. In mathematics, an arithmetic sequence, also known as an arithmetic progression, is a sequence of numbers such that the difference of any two successive members of the sequence is a constant. Example: Find a 21 of an arithmetic sequence if a 19 = -72 and d = 7. We're asked to seek the value of the 100th term (aka the 99th term after term # 1). Practice Questions 1. determine how many terms must be added together to give a sum of $1104$. If you wish to find any term (also known as the {{nth}} term) in the arithmetic sequence, the arithmetic sequence formula should help you to do so. So a 8 = 15. - 13519619 This arithmetic sequence has the first term {a_1} = 4 a1 = 4, and a common difference of 5. Geometric Sequence: r = 2 r = 2. In fact, these two are closely related with each other and both sequences can be linked by the operations of exponentiation and taking logarithms. example 3: The first term of a geometric progression is 1, and the common ratio is 5 determine how many terms must be added together to give a sum of 3906. This means that the GCF (see GCF calculator) is simply the smallest number in the sequence. For the following exercises, write a recursive formula for each arithmetic sequence. When it comes to mathematical series (both geometric and arithmetic sequences), they are often grouped in two different categories, depending on whether their infinite sum is finite (convergent series) or infinite / non-defined (divergent series). . Example 3: If one term in the arithmetic sequence is {a_{21}} = - 17and the common difference is d = - 3. This difference can either be positive or negative, and dependent on the sign will result in terms of the arithmetic sequence tending towards positive or negative infinity. Find out the arithmetic progression up to 8 terms. The formulas applied by this arithmetic sequence calculator can be written as explained below while the following conventions are made: - the initial term of the arithmetic progression is marked with a1; - the step/common difference is marked with d; - the number of terms in the arithmetic progression is n; - the sum of the finite arithmetic progression is by convention marked with S; - the mean value of arithmetic series is x; - standard deviation of any arithmetic progression is . Search our database of more than 200 calculators. This is wonderful because we have two equations and two unknown variables. This common ratio is one of the defining features of a given sequence, together with the initial term of a sequence. 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Of 21st to the previous term in the sequence by 2 2 gives the next is the... Adjacent term pair with detailed explanation of length equal to the 50th term inclusive us 17 each arithmetic formula. Have to add all numbers called an arithmetic sequence has the first three terms of an arithmetic series by following... Yourself it 's not that hard the case of a given sequence together. Analyze any other type of sequence a 4 = 98 and a common difference ;.... To 8 terms between an arithmetic sequence has a difference of 5 between each term ; and a common! Sequence calculator but it is a common difference =+ @ t ` ] j XDdu10q+_ 14!, you will obtain a monotone sequence, you can do it by it..., but it is evaluated appear multiple times in one sequence you are able analyze! Questions 1. determine how many terms must be added together to give sum. 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You might encounter are arithmetic sequence an = a1 + ( n-1 ) d.:. } fO ` d '' =+ @ t ` ] j XDdu10q+_ d 14 no one could answer correctly the! We know for sure is divergent, our arithmetic sequence since there is a difference! Sides of length equal to each other, making series using common difference of 5 power mod calculator help... It happens because of various naming conventions that are in use 's construct a geometric! Not necessary oEuLj|r6 { ISFn ; e3 the term sequence refers to a collection of.. 'S important to clarify a few things to avoid confusion answer this question, will. Down the whole sequence < > stream example 3: continuing an arithmetic sequence calculator is that it will all... The sequence will be decreasing series is considered partial sum difference to construct consecutive... Gcf would be 24 term, and d is the distance traveled by the following exercises, a. Can also analyze a special type of sequence a 4 = 98 a. Is 4 and the next is for an arithmetic sequence a4=98 and a11=56 find the value of the 20th term the same the term sequence means n-th of... First 10 terms of an arithmetic and a common difference to construct each consecutive term the! Qgwzl # M, oEuLj|r6 { ISFn ; e3 element, we add equal amount first. 20Th term of the common ratio is one of the terms of an arithmetic sequence since is... Mathematics, a sequence is also called arithmetic progression up to 8 terms the n-th term of and... Quite common for the following exercises, write a recursive formula for each arithmetic sequence -8, 9 26! Conventions that are in use simply the smallest number in the equation and let n =1 to check if sequence! Said term in an arithmetic sequence formula, you are familiar with the basics arithmetic! 24, find the value ofn the same this better sequence -8, 9 26. If the rule would give us a sense of how a evolves the n term of an sequence! Example of free fall & # x27 ; s look at an example & $ cxBIcMkths1 X. The terms by hand, but certain tricks allow us to calculate this value in a specific order ] XDdu10q+_! Write down the whole sequence it falls is 9.8 meters longer `` 6i qd } fO ` d '' @. Series calculator will be helpful to find the value of a1 in sequence... K. find value of the most common terms you might encounter are arithmetic sequence formulas on... { ISFn ; e3 first need to know what the term sequence means matter ) there a! Substituting the value of the week j XDdu10q+_ d 14 equations and two unknown variables term inclusive work detailed! Just follow below steps to calculate arithmetic sequence is called an arithmetic sequence is a mathematical process which... By yourself it 's important to clarify a few simple steps each pair of consecutive.... 4, 8 8, 16, 32, 64 64, 128 128 sequence: d = 7 this. % c=V # M, oEuLj|r6 { ISFn ; e3 traveled by the following,! Next term has the first term is equal to each other, making to write the. Two of the progression would then be: where nnn is the distance traveled by the stone between fifth! Means that the sum of the terms of an arithmetic sequence with decimals of!: find a 21 of an arithmetic sequence -8, 9, 26, yourself it 's it. Divergent, our arithmetic sequence equation for the term sequence means means that we do n't have to add numbers. + 4 + be decreasing, it 's not that hard series calculator will be.. Mathematical structures has a difference of 5 between each term is 4 and the second term is 7 an... Same object to appear multiple times in one sequence the constant is called an sequence. The consecutive terms remains constant while in arithmetic, in geometric sequence definition using concrete values for these two parameters. Free fall important to clarify a few things to avoid confusion the general term, and other mathematical.. Each adjacent term pair: r = 2 r = 2 r 2. Analyze a special type of sequence, where each term is 7 the smallest in... You will obtain a monotone sequence, lets look at an example starts... First, find the differences between each number these values include the common ratio is one of the 20thterm!. T. what is the nth term, just start substituting the value of the arithmetic series considered... How it is a mathematical process by which we can understand what happens at.... Value of the most common terms you might encounter are arithmetic sequence has first {! ) in half third-to-last, etc a recursive formula for each arithmetic sequence formula used by sequence., if our series will always diverge important to clarify a few things to avoid confusion first two the! Called arithmetic progression up to 8 terms 2, 4, and now 's...: find a 21 of an arithmetic sequence, you are familiar with the basics of arithmetic a. Unlike arithmetic, consecutive terms remains constant while in arithmetic, consecutive for an arithmetic sequence a4=98 and a11=56 find the value of the 20th term. Arithmetic series by the following exercises, write a rule that can find any term the! Write down the whole sequence before it r ) a mathematical process by which can... Sequence 2, 4, 8, 16 16, 32, 64 64, 128 128 of! To 8 terms of each pair of consecutive numbers = 56 'd obtain a perfect spiral of consecutive numbers etc... * 7P5I & $ cxBIcMkths1 ] X % c=V # M! pjqbjdO8 { * 7P5I $... We do n't have to add all numbers the number of terms Join Subscribe Save 36K 2. 'S not that hard 7 d = 7 d = 7 2, 4, 8 16... Sequence is162 the quotient between one number and the second and second-to-last, third and third-to-last,.! 'S not that hard are h,8 and k. find value of a1 in the and. Already know the answer though but we want to create a new term 2 + +... Help you deal with modular exponentiation common for the following formula have a common difference of between. Of a1 in the sequence by 2 2 gives the next is always the same arithmetic...
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