In some photos, the crosshairs appear to be behind objects. The three main theories are below. There should have been more than a two-second delay in communications between Earth and the Moon, at a distance of 400,000km (250,000 miles). Moon landing conspiracy theoriesclaim that some or all elements of the Apollo programand the associated Moon landingswere hoaxesstaged by NASA, possibly with the aid of other organizations. The inspector general recommended NASA create a long-term strategy for either maintaining or disposing of underutilized infrastructure at Plum Brook. Those who believe the Moon landings were faked offer several theories about the motives of NASA and the United States government. [163] Photos of the Apollo 12 landing site were released by NASA on September 3, 2009. Opinion polls taken in various locations have shown that between 6% and 20% of Americans, 25% of Britons, and 28% of Russians surveyed believe that the crewed landings were faked. The NASA Space Environmental Test (SET) Project is tasked to develop new environmental test facilities to support NASA's developing space exploration program. Other Federal agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency, the Federal Bureau of Investigations, and the Department of the Interior, set up offices in the empty Engineering Building. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) launched their SELENE Moon orbiter on September 14, 2007 (JST), from Tanegashima Space Center. The 1994 book Moon Shot[76] contains an obviously fake composite photo of Alan Shepard hitting a golf ball on the Moon with another astronaut. Orion progress at KSC, consumable offload planned for EM-1. [143] It has been claimed that when 2001 was in post-production in early 1968, NASA secretly approached Kubrick to direct the first three Moon landings. Page Last Updated: September 28, 2021, 21000 Brookpark RoadCleveland, OH 44135(216) 433-4000. [151], In 2004, Martin Hendry and Ken Skeldon of the University of Glasgow were awarded a grant by the UK-based Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council to investigate Moon landing conspiracy theories. This French mockumentary, directed by William Karel, was originally aired on Arte channel in 2002 with the title Opration Lune. The most notable claim is that the six crewed landings (1969-1972)were faked and that twelve Apollo astronautsdid not actually walk on the Moon. It's home to the antenna that received the first images of Neil Armstrong walking on the moon. [166][167] The Indian Space Research Organisation launched their uncrewed lunar probe on September 8, 2008 (IST), from Satish Dhawan Space Centre. In December 1972 NASA canceled all of its nuclear propulsion and power programs, resulting in the closure of Plum Brook Station [today, the Neil Armstrong Test Facility]. The only real success story in terms of actual customers was, and still is, the Space Power Facility. [48] With the number of people involved, and noting the Watergate scandal, Jillette noted that someone would have outed the hoax by now. [151][198] A poll conducted in the 1970s by the United States Information Agency in several countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa found that most respondents were unaware of the Moon landings, many of the others dismissed them as propaganda or science fiction, and many thought that it had been the Russians that landed on the Moon. In August 2021, the facility was renamed to honor Apollo astronaut and Ohio native Neil Armstrong. [120], In July 2009, NASA indicated that it must have erased the original Apollo 11 Moon footage years ago so that it could re-use the tape. The air conditioning units that were part of the astronauts' spacesuits could not have worked in an environment of no atmosphere.[109]. The arms of the crosshair are washed-out on the white stripes of the flag (Photo ID: AS15-88-11863), Close-up of the flag, showing washed-out crosshairs. Typical delays in communication were about 0.5 seconds. The site where Michigan launched its first rocket into space lies abandoned in the dense woods along Lake Superior. NASA said that von Braun's mission was "to look into environmental and logistic factors that might relate to the planning of future space missions, and hardware. Down in the O&C Building at KSC, the EM-1 Orion spacecraft hardware has almost completed standalone testing. NASA Official: Anne Mills The Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility (formerly known as Plum Brook Station) is part of NASAs Glenn Research Center in Ohio. NASA raised "about US$30 billion" to go to the Moon, and Kaysing claimed in his book that this could have been used to "pay off" many people. This suggests that artificial lights were used. 1. Sandusky's Plum Brook Station is an annex to the NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field in Cleveland, Ohio. The contrast has been tweaked (yielding the "spotlight effect") and a black band has been pasted at the top. Its walls are 2 feet thick to withstand the blast of powerful . "The Service Module is . Landing on the Moon was viewed as a national and technological accomplishment that would generate world-wide acclaim. [180] Lick Observatory attempted to detect from Apollo 11's retroreflector while Armstrong and Aldrin were still on the Moon but did not succeed until August 1, 1969. Kubrick did hire Frederick Ordway and Harry Lange, both of whom had worked for NASA and major aerospace contractors, to work with him on 2001. Rocket engines are the dark structures at the bottom center, The launch of a Titan II, burning hypergolic Aerozine-50/N2O4, 1.9MN (430,000lbf) of thrust. DESIGN OF THE NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER'S WORLD-CLASS REVERBERANT ACOUSTIC TEST FACILITY . Conspiracists argue that Marshall Space Flight Center Director Wernher von Braun's trip to Antarctica in 1967 (about two years before the Apollo 11 launch) was to gather lunar meteorites to be used as fake Moon rocks. Why was this fact never dicussed [sic] in the press or by the astronauts? Get top stories, military space news and more delivered to your inbox. Oberg says that belief in the hoax theories is not the fault of the conspiracists, but rather that of teachers and people (including NASA) who should provide information to the public. 5. Plum Brook Station, however, continues to support NASA and industry with its four large test facilities today. Winner will be selected at random on 04/01/2023. [39] There was in fact no video broadcast during either the landing or takeoff because of technological limitations. The center did not bring the Rocket Systems Area sites, which had fallen into disrepair during the interim, back online. Every weekday we compile our most wondrous stories and deliver them straight to you. Cropped photo of Buzz Aldrin saluting the flag (the fingers of Aldrin's right hand can be seen behind his helmet), Cropped photo taken a few seconds later, Buzz Aldrin's hand is down, head turned toward the camera, the flag is unchanged, Animation of the two photos, showing that though Armstrong's camera moved between exposures, the flag is not waving. Later Apollo missions did not use SSTV. ", "End of Conspiracy Theories? Some of the facilities, most of which date back to the 1960s, are so rundown they require millions of dollars in repairs costs that must be borne by prospective customers who show no sign of materializing, the IG wrote. The conspiracy would have to involve more than 400,000 people who worked on the Apollo project for nearly ten years, the 12 men who walked on the Moon, the 6 others who flew with them as command module pilots, and another 6 astronauts who orbited the Moon. By 1977 the Hare Krishna magazine Back to Godhead called the landings a hoax, claiming that, since the Sun is 150millionkm (93millionmi) away, and "according to Hindu mythology the Moon is 800,000 miles [1,300,000km] farther away than that", the Moon would be nearly 151millionkm (94millionmi) away; to travel that span in 91 hours would require a speed of more than a million miles per hour, "a patently impossible feat even by the scientists' calculations. You should see the reCAPTCHA field below. NASA demolished the Liquid Hydrogen Pump Facility (A Site), the Turbopump Facility (C Site), Hydraulics Laboratory (F Site), and the Fluorine Pump Facility (I Site) in late summer and fall of 2009. The steady reduction of NASAs budget in the late 1960s and early 1970s coincided with the agencys decision to develop the space shuttle. Others are looking for the missing telemetry tapes for different reasons. NASA Glenn's Space Power Facility in Sandusky, Ohio, contains the world's largest space simulation chamber. [11], Vince Calder and Andrew Johnson, scientists from Argonne National Laboratory, have given detailed answers to conspiracists' claims on the laboratory's website. However, Kubrick only got this lens for Barry Lyndon (1975). To broadcast the pictures to regular television, a scan conversion had to be done. There are no stars in any of the photos; the Apollo 11 astronauts also stated in post-mission press conferences that they did not remember seeing any stars during extravehicular activity (EVA). The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Glenn Research Center (GRC) is leading the design and build of the new world-class vibroacoustic test capabilities at the NASA GRC's Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio, USA. Six percent of respondents believed it was not real, but eleven percent millennials (reached adulthood in the early 21st century) were the most likely to believe it was not factual.[200]. [184] A 1999 Gallup Poll found that 6% of the Americans surveyed doubted that the Moon landings happened and that 5% of those surveyed had no opinion,[185][186][187][188] which roughly matches the findings of a similar 1995 Time/CNN poll. [24], Conspiracist Bart Sibrel responded, incorrectly asserting that, "the Soviets did not have the capability to track deep space craft until late in 1972, immediately after which, the last three Apollo missions were abruptly canceled. A remote Ohio facility used to test NASA's new moon-bound spacecraft has been renamed for the first astronaut to step foot on the lunar surface. It was shut down 12 years later . The combination of the Lewis Field and Plum Brook locations comprise over 6,800 acres of land and include 450 research and test facilities. [Meta] Sticky Comment. One passage on how Kubrick was supposedly coerced into the conspiracy reads: NASA further leveraged their position by threatening to publicly reveal the heavy involvement of Mr. Kubrick's younger brother, Raul, with the American Communist Party. However, five hours before transmission they were told to stand down. Consider supporting our work by becoming a member for as little as $5 a month. She also said that several letters appeared in The West Australian discussing the Coca-Cola bottle incident within ten days of the lunar landing.[71]. For example, 2001 was released before the first Apollo landing and Kubrick's depiction of the Moon's surface differs greatly from its appearance in the Apollo footage. The flag placed on the surface by the astronauts fluttered despite there being no wind on the Moon. 8. The alleged Moon landings used either a sound stage or were filmed outside in a remote desert with the astronauts either using harnesses or slow-motion photography to make it look like they were on the Moon. [40], The American Patriot Friends Network claimed in 2009 that the landings helped the United States government distract public attention from the unpopular Vietnam War, and so crewed landings suddenly ended about the same time that the United States ended its involvement in the war. The CMA will connect the capsule to the ESA (European Space Agency)-provided service module for the spacecraft's next mission, Exploration Mission-1. The angle and color of shadows are inconsistent. (See List of human spaceflights, 19611970, and refer to individual flights for the length of time.). The photo of the Apollo 14 landing site also shows tracks made by an astronaut between a science experiment (ALSEP) and the lander. Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility (B-2), Cryogenic Propellant Tank Facility (K-Site), World's Largest Vacuum Chamber to Test Orion, + Budgets, Strategic Plans and Accountability Reports, + Equal Employment Opportunity Data Posted Pursuant to the No Fear Act, + Information-Dissemination Priorities and Inventories. In addition, the center decided to begin removing the Plum Brook Ordnance Works (PBOW) concrete bunkers that had stored munitions during World War II and NASA records and equipment in later years. Some selections of restored footage in high-definition have been made available on the NASA website. Whether funds continue to pour into Plum Brook Station remains to be seen. Located on 6,400 acres in the Lake Erie community of Sandusky, Plum Brook is home to several world-class test facilities, which perform complex and innovative ground tests for the international space community. Page Editor: Robert Arrighi A-3 was to be the high-altitude test site for the mothballed J-2X upper-stage engine, designed to power the Ares 5 cargo launcher canceled along with Constellation. The Lunar Modules made no blast craters or any sign of dust scatter.[98]. [c] Hundreds of thousands of people including astronauts, scientists, engineers, technicians, and skilled laborers would have had to keep the secret. The cavernous vacuum chamber continues to attract a steady stream of customers, including SpaceX, which has tested both its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft at the facility. The entire process ultimately cost $253 million, significantly more than the inflation-adjusted cost of constructing the facility.[4]. [189][190], A 2000 poll conducted by the Public Opinion Foundation[ru] () in Russia found that 28% of those surveyed did not believe that American astronauts landed on the Moon, and this percentage is roughly equal in all social-demographic groups. Meanwhile Plum Brook continued worked to complete several tests during this period, including testing of the Centaur Standard Shroud for the upcoming Viking mission. In April 2001, Leonard David published an article on space.com,[157][158] which showed a photo taken by the Clementine mission showing a diffuse dark spot at the site NASA says is the Apollo 15 lander. Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), Click to share on Clipboard (Opens in new window), NASA Mars orbiter reveals Chinas Zhurong rover has not moved for months, SpaceX proceeding with Starship orbital launch attempt after static fire, Secretive military space agency stepping out of the shadows, China unveils lunar lander to put astronauts on the moon, The coming Chinese megaconstellation revolution, Crew-6 launch slips as Progress leak investigation continues. Some main arguments (set in plain text) and counter-arguments (set in italics) are listed below. SELENE orbited the Moon at about 100km (62 miles) altitude. Plum Brook Station is a test facility for NASA's Glenn Research Center. The first was a 100-kW experimental wind turbine at Plum Brook that Lewis researchers erected and operated. NASA's Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio is now the ), Conspiracy theorists claim that NASA faked the landings to avoid humiliation and to ensure that it continued to get funding. [168], The Apollo program collected 380kg (838lb) of Moon rocks during the six crewed missions. I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. He earned a bachelors degree in public communications from the American University in Washington. After a three-year search, the "inescapable conclusion" was that about 45 tapes (estimated 15 tapes recorded at each of the three tracking stations) of Apollo 11 video were erased and re-used, said Nafzger. The center completed the effort with the demolition of the H Control Building, K Sites control building, and the J5 hortonsphere in late 2012. NASA Plum Brook Station In-Space Propulsion Facility Test Stand Characterization Hot Fire Test A test facility modification to enable small scale altitude propulsion testing at the NASA Glenn Research Center's In-Space Propulsion (ISP) Facility was verified with a hot fire test campaign. As of September2021[update], four of the twelve Apollo astronauts who landed on the Moon between 1969 and 1972 are still alive, including Buzz Aldrin. They called on NASA to restore the test facilities at Plum Brook and resume operation. The digital technology on Earth during the time of the Moon landings was just in its infancy. 3. 10. Various groups and individuals have made claims since the mid-1970s that NASA and others knowingly misled the public into believing the landings happened, by manufacturing, tampering with, or destroying evidence including photos, telemetry tapes, radio and TV transmissions, and Moon rock samples. [182] Smaller retroreflectors were also put on the Moon by the Russians; they were attached to the uncrewed lunar rovers Lunokhod 1 and Lunokhod 2. NASA's Glenn Research Center's world-class facilities and expert staff help develop and verify cutting-edge technologies in the areas of aeronautics, aerospace and space. The foremost idea is that the whole crewed landing program was a hoax from start to end. Nafzger praised Lowry for restoring "crispness" to the Apollo video, which will remain in black and white and contains conservative digital enhancements. It was 1 year to the day after the approval of the shuttle and just 17 days after the splashdown of the final Apollo mission. Engineers carefully deactivated the facilities in such a way that they could be restored in the future. The exception is that of Apollo 11, which has lain on the lunar surface since being blown over by the Lunar Module Ascent Propulsion System. Some still think so", "Solar corona photographed from Apollo 15 one minute prior to sunrise", "Goddard's Journal: Are Apollo Moon Photos Fake? NASA officials were happy to get the business and hope it will be. In December 1972 NASA canceled all of its nuclear propulsion and power programs, resulting in the closure of Plum Brook Station [today, the Neil Armstrong Test Facility]. NASA responds to Bill Kaysing's book, We Never Went to the Moon, by identifying one of his claims of fraud regarding the lack of a crater left on the Moon's surface by the landing of the lunar module, and refuting it with facts about the soil and cohesive nature of the surface of the Moon. The problem is that nobody has yet committed to testing an engine at B-2. The many allegations in Kaysing's book effectively began discussion of the Moon landings being faked. The facility's decommissioning began in 1998, and the last of its structures was demolished in May 2012. [151] Oberg said that he meant to finish the book. [133][134] For example, in 1973, one year after the final Moon landing, the Xerox Alto was released. "[179] Geologists realize that gold and silver deposits on Earth are the result of the action of hydrothermal fluids concentrating the precious metals into veins of ore. Follow us on social media to add even more wonder to your day. Penn Jillette made note of this in the "Conspiracy Theories" episode of his television show Penn & Teller: Bullshit! [172][173] However, the first Antarctic lunar meteorite was found in 1979, and its lunar origin was not recognized until 1982. The worlds most powerful spacecraft acoustic test chamber, its capable of simulating the noise of a spacecraft launch up to 163 decibels, or as loud as the thrust of 20 jet engines. ESA now is planning to build a test stand in Europe to accommodate such tests, the IG wrote. [130][131] In fact, by the time of the launch of the first crewed Earth-orbiting Apollo flight (Apollo 7), the USSR had made only nine spaceflights (seven with one cosmonaut, one with two, one with three) compared to 16 by the United States. Learn about the history and craftsmanship of carousels inside this museum located in a former post office. During the period 1961 to 1972, at least eight Soviet serving and former cosmonauts died: Additionally, the overall chief of their crewed-spaceflight program, Sergei Korolev, died while undergoing surgery in January 1966. Dan Leone is a SpaceNews staff writer, covering NASA, NOAA and a growing number of entrepreneurial space companies. [41] In fact, the ending of the landings was not "sudden" (see Space Race above). [117][118], Dr. David R. Williams (NASA archivist at Goddard Space Flight Center) and Apollo 11 flight director Eugene F. Kranz both acknowledged that the original high-quality Apollo 11 telemetry data tapes are missing. The fairing is an essential piece of hardware for the Hawthorne, California, companys commercial satellite launches. "[196][197], James Oberg of ABC News said that the conspiracy theory is taught in Cuban schools and wherever Cuban teachers are sent. This suggests that it was filmed on Earth and a breeze caused the flag to flutter. About fifteen minutes of it were filmed by an amateur 8 mm film camera and these are also available. However, still photos of the original SSTV image are available (see photos). The Plum Brook Reactor was a NASA 60 megawatt water-cooled and moderated research nuclear reactor, [1] [2] located in Sandusky, Ohio, 50 mi west of the NASA Glenn Research Center (at that time the NASA Lewis Research Center) in Cleveland, of which it was organizationally a part. "[25], In fact, the Soviets had been sending uncrewed spacecraft to the Moon since 1959,[26] and "during 1962, deep space tracking facilities were introduced at IP-15 in Ussuriisk and IP-16 in Evpatoria (Crimean Peninsula), while Saturn communication stations were added to IP-3, 4 and 14,"[27] the latter having a 100millionkm (62millionmi) range. As of January 2015, NASA, the Department of Defense, and commercial launch providers are using or have plans to use the [Space Power Facility] through at least 2020 to test space-related hardware, including for NASAs Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, the IG wrote. Follow us on Twitter to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. Offer subject to change without notice. [164] The Intrepid lander descent stage, experiment package (ALSEP), Surveyor 3 spacecraft, and astronaut footpaths are all visible. An episode of MythBusters in August 2008 was dedicated to the Moon landings. Crosshairs are sometimes rotated or in the wrong place. Engineers inspect the inlet of a prototype Hypersonic Research Engine scramjet prior to a test run in Hypersonic Tunnel Facility. The astronauts had relied on computers to aid in the Moon missions. Since 2012, Plum Brook Station has received about $31 million in annual funding from NASA, most of which comes from the agencys Construction and Environmental Compliance account the budget line reserved for building, maintaining and demolishing infrastructure. By the time of Apollo 11, the United States had a lead much wider than that. To develop the space shuttle an amateur 8 mm film camera and these also. Ksc, the ending of the Moon landings site where Michigan launched its first rocket into space abandoned. Agencys decision to develop the space shuttle got this lens for Barry (... Include 450 Research and test facilities Brook that Lewis researchers erected and.... Into disrepair during the interim, back online had fallen into disrepair during the time of the NASA GLENN CENTER... 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